Achieving the efficiency of the organization of material flow in the supply system is possible if there is there an institutional mechanism that ensures the decision of tasks and achievement of ultimate goals. Given the fact that any mechanism can be regarded as a "system in action," said an institutional mechanism author considers it possible to present the organization as a system of material flows. At the same time under a system of organization of material flows means a series of forms, methods and regulations, implementation of which will generate, organize, control and implementation of material flow in tovaroobrascheniya [1] to provide timely and quality execution of the order, as well as their efficient operation and improvement. This system is designed to solve the problem of choice and implementation of the forms and methods of formation and flow of material flows within the enterprise, to ensure their cooperation, the establishment of appropriate level of cooperation in the system of own production, storage and transportation, creating and maintaining the required level of inventory [1]. Content management system is a practical material flow of people and organizational activities designed to build, ensuring the normal functioning of the organization and improvement of material flow. Form of organization of material flow serves a specific embodiment of the activity in specific operating conditions of the supply system. The latter can be realized in the form of enterprise, research and production association, or their production units (department, subject-closed area, etc.). Given the requirements of the cybernetic approach to the representation of the organization of the material flow is necessary to specify the inputs and outputs. At the entrance of the incoming material flow will be in the form of raw materials, components, semi-finished products purchased for processing in the production system. The output will be an outbound material flow, ie, finished goods and services whose parameters are fully satisfied the stated requirements of the consumer. The systems approach involves a system with a detailed picture of its elements. The system of organization of material flow is created and is functioning for certain tasks, to achieve specific goals. In this regard, the target set must enter into the system as its control parameters that define the boundaries and content of its elements. In addition to the goals and objectives for the maintenance of the system elements of considerable influence its demands, which are also considered appropriate to display in the system. And finally, as an element of organization of material flow is necessary to allocate the principles of the activity. Thus, the goals, objectives and principles of organization of material flows and demands for it in its totality are the elements that define the parameters of the proposed system.
Methodical approach to the analysis of pricing policies on small business
Under the pricing refers to the general objectives that the company is going to be achieved by setting prices for their products, so prices and pricing in the commodity markets are one of the most essential elements of the marketing mix. After the final price realized business results, determined by the efficiency of the enterprise, its organization and functioning of marketing activities. Ultimately, prices, providing the company profits show its competitiveness [2]. Targeted pricing in marketing is that the company sets its prices and products such as their changes depending on the situation in the market to achieve the planned short-term and long-term goals (mastery of a certain market share, receiving the intended amount of profit, etc. .) and resolve operational problems associated with the sale of goods in a certain phase of its life cycle, competitors' activities and to address other strategic objectives [1]. In the formulation and implementation of pricing policies on small business should be based on: 1. needed to penetrate a new market, 2. obtain the maximum possible profit, and 3. use a flexible pricing policy for the sale of an entire group of similar goods; 4. necessary in the short term to gain the funds invested in production. Malformed pricing policy designed without taking into account characteristics of small businesses can lead to large losses and even bankruptcy. For the operation of the enterprise must provide accurate and timely changes in the existing pricing policy. To select the pricing policy of timely changes necessary to analyze selected and implemented pricing policy [3]. AI Kovalev and VV Voylenko offer an analysis of pricing policies in the following sequence: 1) analysis of the price level of goods and 2) an analysis of competitors' prices, and 3) the structure of product prices, and 4) pricing of products. Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE This analysis suggests the following questions:
Ways to organize promotional activities in the enterprise
Today's enterprises operate in market conditions, so they try to organize all aspects of their activities in such a way as to survive and consolidate the position of a large number of competitors, rapidly evolving technologies, new information and materials. In this context, great importance is the problem of organizing promotional activities in the enterprise. The main prerequisite for its rationalization is methodical and routine preparation of advertisements and their rational use in all phases of the advertising process.
An analysis of pricing policies in terms of becoming an innovation economy
One of the most important factors determining the efficiency of the enterprise in terms of becoming an innovation economy, is the pricing. Prices provide the company planned profit, competitive products, the demand for it. After the final price realized commercial purposes, defined the performance of all parts of the supply structure of the enterprise. Current economic conditions impose new requirements in principle to the formation of the concept of pricing of goods, works and services, and most countries recognized as the most effective marketing management concept virtually all aspects of the company. However, many enterprises in Russia continues to use only the cost approach to pricing, which negatively affects the competitive advantage leads to lower demand for products as a result, sales revenue, profit and performance of enterprise financial condition. Therefore, at present improving pricing is quite an urgent problem whose solution should lead to the harmonization of the interests of buyers and sellers. One of the most important areas of analysis is the enterprise pricing in commodity markets. Prices provide the company planned profit, competitive products, the demand for it. After the final price realized commercial purposes, defined the performance of all parts of the supply structure of the enterprise. The main objectives of the analysis of pricing policy are the following: study of the content-installation procedures prices, the price level to determine whether a specific product prices - the identification of gaps on the effectiveness of pricing policies. The content and sequence analysis of pricing policies can be carried out in the following stages: 1 Etap.Analiz products, works and services to businesses and markets. The quality of products, works and services, market, a niche occupied by the enterprise in the market. Stage 2. Analysis of the impact on the market such as pricing. Necessary to determine which type of market where the company operates and depending on it to build its pricing policy. Stage 3. Analysis of the objectives of pricing. Objectives of pricing in the enterprise depends on what goals the company set itself for the future. - Get the full planned income - increase sales - to win more substantial share of the market - to try to achieve higher profits from the sale of specific goods - to weaken a competitor - to form a certain image of the goods. Stage 4. Analysis of the factors that determine the pricing policy of the enterprise. No matter how is the formation of prices for products are taken into account some general economic criteria determining the deviation of the price level up or down from the consumer's cost of goods. These criteria are divided into internal (depending on the manufacturer, from the activities of its management and staff) and external (independent businesses).
The concept and objectives of public relations
Any organization seeking to occupy a niche in the market should take care of their own individuality. That is what contributes to the complex elements of communication among them of no small importance of Public Relations (PR). Now there are many definitions of the essence of science PR. One of the leading researchers in the American Black Sam defines PR as "the art and science of achieving harmony through mutual understanding based on truth and full knowledge." It is very hard and un-American pragmatic definition of PR is in the book "Communication Management", "PR - activities to transfer the pragmatic goals of the organization in socially acceptable policy." More detailed definitions of public relations - the science of communication, aiming to create an atmosphere of trust between individuals and groups, group and society at large and providing information influence on public opinion. PR - a planned, sustained effort aimed at establishing and maintaining friendly relations and understanding between the organization and the public. The main objectives of the PR lie in the improvement of internal and external communications. External communications, occupying up to 80% of the time, lie in the field of communications with the media - the media. Internal communications are designed to create an atmosphere of mutual understanding and cooperation within the organization. Public Relations today includes the following structural components of the external and internal environment of the organization: shareholders, investors, lenders, financial institutions and organizations, customers, partners, competitors, company's own staff, government and legislative bodies; Municipalities, media, professional associations, training institutions; NGOs, etc. Public Relations yavyaletsya important element of corporate strategy seeks to ensure its leading position in the market. Public Relations - is, first of all, the formation of the desired image of the organization and its public opinion by point method, in which a particular group is invited to the information which it interesting. It is very important and topical range of issues centered around providing the PR image of the organization, personally its managers and employees, as well as the rise of image, its stabilization and immediate action in case of decline. Public Relations consists of the following areas: Corporate and Financial PR - create image of the organization and contribute to strengthening its market position. Awareness (publicity) on the company and its position affect sales. Municipal relations - issues of environmental protection, job creation and participation in city life, etc. Their impact on society's attitude toward the company and its products. Industrial relations - awareness of industrial relations affects the relationship to the quality of products. Relations with the leaders, to influence public opinion - on the public attitude towards the company and its products affected by the opinion leaders - politicians, journalists and leaders of public organizations, etc. Thus, the subject of Public Relations are the communication of information exchange. The purpose of the Public Relations Organization is to provide a favorable behavior of the public in relation to it.
Analysis of macro-organization
Macro-creates the overall conditions of the environment of the organization. In most cases, macro-not of a specific nature in relation to a single organization. However, the degree of influence on the macro-state of different organizations are different. This is due both to differences in the areas of the organization, and the differences in the internal capacity of organizations. The structure consists of macro-components: economic, political, legal, social, technological, natural and geographical features. All of them are shown in Figure 1. The study of macro-economic components allows us to understand how form and distributed resources. It involves an analysis of characteristics such as the gross national product, inflation rate, unemployment rate, interest rate, productivity, rates of taxation, balance of payments, the rate of accumulation, etc. In the study of the economic component is important to pay attention to such factors as the overall level of economic development, extraction of natural resources, climate, type and level of development of competitive relations, population structure, level of education of the workforce and the value of wages. The manual should also be able to assess how the organization will affect the operations of the general changes in economic conditions. The state of this component affects the cost of all inputs and the ability of consumers to buy certain goods and services. If, for example, projected inflation, management may consider it desirable to increase reserves and resources supplied by the organization to hold talks with workers on fixed salaries, in order to curb rising costs in the near future. It may also decide to make a loan, since the maturity of the money will be cheaper and thus will be partially offset losses from interest payments. If the projected economic slowdown, the organization may choose a path to reduce inventories of finished goods, as it may appear difficult markets, reduce the proportion of employees or postpone plans to expand production. The economy can greatly affect the availability of capital for the organization of their own needs. This is mainly due to the fact that the federal government often tries to smooth out the impact of deteriorating economic conditions, adjusting taxes, money supply and interest rates, set by the Central Bank. The bank changes the terms of the loan and increases (decreases) the interest rate and the proportion of reserve requirements for commercial banks. Similarly, a tax cut increases the mass of money that people can spend on non-essential purposes, and thus help stimulate business. Current and projected state of the economy can have a dramatic impact on the organization's objectives. These factors in the economic environment should always be diagnosed and evaluated. What is an organization of economic threat, others see as a possibility. Analysis of legal regulation, involving the study of laws and regulations, establishing the rule of law and the framework of relations gives the organization the opportunity to determine for themselves the acceptable range of actions in relation to other subjects of law and acceptable methods to defend their interests.
Relevance and content analysis of the environment
Before turning to the analysis of the environment, it is necessary to define the essence of the term "external environment". Usually, the external environment to understand the set of actors and forces outside the organization, and exerting any influence on its activities. In the literature there are many points of view about the structure of the environment. But the most widely used approach, under which the external environment of any organization distinguish two levels: micro - and macro-[1]. Initial external environment of the organization was seen as the specified conditions of activity, beyond the control of management. The priority is the view that in order to survive and grow in today's conditions, any organization must not only adapt to the environment by adapting its internal structure and behavior in the market, but also actively create the external conditions of its activity is constantly identifying the external environment and the potential threat. This provision became the basis for the strategic management of used cutting-edge firms in conditions of high uncertainty environment. Initial stage and the information basis of strategic management is to study the environment of the firm, there is a systematic collection and analysis of information about it. Analysis of the environment is generally considered the original process of strategic management as it provides the basis for determining how the mission and goals of the company and to develop behavioral strategies that enable us to fulfill the mission and achieve its objectives. It is a process by which developers of the strategic plan control external to the organization of factors to determine possible threats to the firm. Analysis of the external environment helps to obtain important results. It gives the organization time to anticipate opportunities, time to plan for unforeseen circumstances, the time to develop an early warning system against possible threats and the time to develop strategies that can turn the old threats in a variety of attractive features [2]. From the point of view of the threats and opportunities analysis of the role of environment in the strategic planning process is essentially a response to three specific questions: Where is now the organization? Where, according to senior management, the organization must be in the future? What should the leadership that the organization has moved from the position in which she is now in the position where it wants to see leadership in the future? In order to assess the need for careful analysis of the external environment organization should also consider the characteristics of the environment that have a direct impact on the complexity of its implementation. First, one of these characteristics is the interrelatedness of environmental factors. Beneath it is understood the level of force with which a change in one factor affects the other factors. The fact that coherence is significant not only for markets in the country or region, but also for the global market.
Resources business
Resources in the general sense is a source and obtain the necessary prerequisites for people's material and spiritual wealth. The main types of resources used in business activity, usually related to: financial, work equipment, labor, including intellectual resources, financial, information. Material resources - a collection of items of work to be used in the production process of the social product. Tangible resources include raw materials, fuel, energy, intermediate products, parts, etc. Often enough to material resources include all resources in-kind. Means of labor - something with which the manufacturing process is carried out. As a means of labor are the buildings, machines, machinery, etc. Manpower - this is part of the country, with its combination of physical and spiritual abilities, which may participate in the labor process. Manpower characterize the working-age population. Objects of labor, instruments of labor and workers with their ability to work relate to the productive resources of the enterprise. Information resources - a collection of data organized to obtain reliable information. They include some of the documents and files of documents in information systems: libraries, archives, funds, data, etc. Note that a special role in today's conditions is an electronic archive system. The financial resources of the enterprise - a set of cash flows the company intended to meet the financial obligations and make expenditures for expanded reproduction. The financial resources of enterprises can be classified according to areas of investment and source of formation. Thus, the sources of funding in cash equivalent assets are always equal to the organization. All assets of the company are divided into non-current assets (assets, life more than a year) and current assets (assets that turn fast enough). Financial resources by source of education are divided into internal and external. The key internal financial resources of income and depreciation. External (borrowed) the financial resources can be mobilized in the financial markets and the resulting redistribution. They can be formed due to: additional contributions by owners, issue and sale of shares in the sale of debt securities (bonds, bills), to attract loans, obtaining deferments of payment for purchased materials and goods, obtaining insurance reimbursement, grant transfers from the state , parent organizations, etc. Of all the resources traditionally allocate productive resources, that is, those who are directly involved in the production process. A special role is played by venture capital. This is part of the financial resources invested in several companies for profit, and rights to manage the firm. He shares (which, incidentally, is characteristic of capital in general) on the rate of turnover in the fixed and circulating capital, and on the nature of liabilities and debt on its own.
The pricing system for small ENTERPRISE
During the analysis, design and the pricing policy of a small business must use a systematic approach in the context of which the company is regarded as a system, and all questions the pricing policy to stand out in a single subsystem pricing.
The system of business planning
From the standpoint of a systems approach planning should be viewed as a system, the most important characteristics of which are the objectives, structure, processes and elements.
Strategies of competition in the market dynamics
Sooner or later, but come the hour when your business will be seen or "marked" by competitors. Even the most successful and thoughtful business plan can be subject to attack "colleagues", so the process of business planning its own development must begin with a pre-emptive analysis of possible actions of competitors to disrupt our activities.
Accounting in the enterprise management system
The article investigates the problem of the origin and development of accounting in economic systems, the role and place of registration at the present stage management of corporate business As with any phenomenon of human activity in accounting arose not because someone wanted it to, it is not "thing in itself", ie, at a certain stage of human development has appeared in such need. It is useful in this regard to consider the need for accounting and reporting in a historical context. If you look at life around us, we note that they are every day doing something, on something work, in short, are the most diverse business activities. When the economy was small (eg, family, vocational), information about it freely placed at the head of one man. All that was necessary to identify, without scheduled recording, and the results of work were known to all. When the development of economic activity has taken a large size, the human memory, no matter how good it is, could not ensure the preservation and compilation of information about the property and business processes. A number of historians believe that the alphabet was originally invented just for accountants, as well as elementary arithmetic, that is, a system of symbols for a quick recording of such information. Accounting originated in antiquity and evolved with the development of economic activities of people. Quite reliably and accurately determined that counting records existed among the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Persians, Hebrews many centuries before our era, and the records were privileged persons special and very important officials. Big accounting development reached in the ancient Roman state, where, according to surviving records, counting records very closely approached the methods of double-entry bookkeeping and accounting balance. However, only after nearly ten centuries, at the dawn of the capitalist economy, was born and took shape in the accounting as it was described by Luca Pacioli and Benedict Kotruli. Mankind has come a long way of searching, before the Italian monk Luca Pacioli (1445-1515) set out the Venetian version of the record-keeping, making no claim to authorship, but considering it the best of all known at the time. One of the most educated men of his time, professor of mathematics at the Universities of Venice, Perugia and Rome, Luca Pacioli hardly imagine that his name will remain for future generations is not due to the work in mathematics, earned him fame in his lifetime, but because of the treatise "On the accounts and records" , placed in the book "The results (sum) of all the arithmetic, geometry, theory of proportions and relations", published in Venice in 1494. Ten years later, in 1504, the treatise was printed in a separate publication. Thus, Luca Pacioli became known to us as the father of accounting. For individual farms, keeping the books was only necessary in order to, as he wrote Kotruli, "things are not turned into chaos and pandemonium in Babylon." Later, with the development of production, as it loses its individual character, the problem of accounting expanded, modified and improved and accounting methods.
On industrial policy in Russia
The experience of countries with developed market economies suggests that the higher the level of industrial development, the more inclusive and deeper becomes the mechanism governing the effect of state on the economy in general and the industrial complex. Clearly, this requires a stable and verified the legal system. According to experts in the field of legal regulation (legal support) in the industry we have now operates over 200 regulations. These acts were published in various stages of reform, there appeared when it was necessary to urgently resolve a given question, and therefore were ill-matched to each other, and often still are conflicting. In national legislative practice has developed its own approach to the formulation of laws specific sectoral focus. So, were drafted laws regulating certain aspects of industrial activity: "On Oil and Gas," "On the corner," "On the Use of Atomic Energy", "On Power" and "On State Defence Order", "On the supply of products, for federal government needs "," On free economic zones "," On concession agreements "," On Industrial Safety, "and many others. These projects are developed by different departments, diverse and not docked together. And most importantly - together they legally do not cover all industrial activities. Regulatory disorder, of course, creates additional complexity in the implementation of industrial activity, prevents, among other reasons the development of entrepreneurial activity, inhibits industrial growth potential. To support the necessary areas of industrial policy can apply to our own historical experience and practice in foreign countries. In the Russian Empire before the judicial reform in 1864 was more than 150 different statutes that regulate certain aspects of the factory and handicraft industry, the first of which was published back in 1719. On this basis, established a single codified regulation - the Charter of the industry in 1887, the new edition of which appeared in 1893. The Charter consists of three books, 7 chapters, 30 chapters and 528 articles and operated until the 1917 revolution. He defined the types of manufacturing industry and craft activities, basic control factories, mills and manufactories, and monitoring of their activities by the state, order the establishment of factories, rights and responsibilities of their owners, the procedure for granting privileges and advantages to the owners of factories and plants in the implementation of advantageous to the State industrial activity, accounting for samples of industrial products, branding of products, as well as the rules of the cases of violation of industrial and commercial decisions. In separate chapters included the norms of specific industrial activities: the manufacture of gunpowder, explosives, gold and silver products, mineral oils, petroleum products and its derivatives, as well as the norms of the labor and pension legislation. In addition, Russia adopted the Mining Code, which regulated the activities of mining companies.
The methodological basis for the creation of industrial stability in the enterprise
Category productive stability appeared relatively recently, within the framework of establishing the theory of sustainable socio-economic systems. This theory is finally entrenched after the adoption in 1992 at a UN conference in Rio de Janeiro "the concept of sustainable development." This concept implies that the stable operation is possible only through the constant development of socio-economic system without harming the environment. The main factor is singled out not to maximize profits and balanced development throughout the organization, in cooperation with the external environment. The basic principles are the social and environmental responsibility. Scientists engaged in research for sustainable development of the enterprise, it singled out the following areas: innovative sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, production stability. Production sustainability - the company's ability to maintain production stability at constantly changing market conditions through the improvement and development of its targeted production and engineering structures due to the introduction of innovations. Production sustainability impacts on the production management, helping to reduce production losses, frequent breakdowns and stoppages that occur as a result of risk factors, lack of reliability of supply channels and works on co-operation, improve the quality of processing and assembly, meeting modern standards. [1] Production stability: - the basis of the creation of economic stability as a source of revenue from core operating activities of the enterprise, as a source of savings for future investment; - the basis of environmental and social sustainability, which affects her directly, in the organization of production affected by the system issues related to technological security, the protection of staff in the shop, the impact on the environment, know-how, cooperation with suppliers, customer satisfaction. This group, realizing its essence, in practice, is an organizational tool that operates in the following areas.: Diagnosis of the production system, a corporate enterprise reporting, evaluation of technological and commercial risks, feasibility study funding base for the adoption of manufacturing strategy, basis for the formation of advanced types of production such as Lean manufacturing, customized production. Methodology of industrial stability requires the passage of the following steps: 1) identifying the critical parameters of the current organization of production 2) determining the relationship between these parameters 3) determination of the standard ratios of individual parameters and the system of equations and inequalities with combined parameters 4) formation process map of current production "as is" 5) formation process maps "how to" 6) development of corrective action 7) determination of the required resources 8) selection of optimal solutions for the implementation of actions 9) control of the manufacturing process ensure the stability of the production is carried out by means of organizational-economic mechanism. This mechanism is an adaptive self-learning system. The structure of machine elements include economic methods to ensure the ability to execute the order, the maintenance staff working in a motivated and able to maintain the technical stability of the system.
Problems of maintenance of equipment in a crisis
As a result of the current economic crisis, many Russian industries were in very bad condition. Particularly hard hit by the crisis the industrial sphere. For example, the automakers are suffering huge losses and significantly reduce the amount of output due to the sharp fall in demand for it. For example, the only domestic auto industry has made in the first quarter of this year car is almost 3 times lower (123 000 units) over the same period in 2008. In such difficult circumstances questions of economy, different kinds of resources and the use of production reserves become a priority. One of the "patients" places of Russian industrial enterprises is maintenance and repair of equipment. Positive changes in the economy in recent years has not solved the problem replacing obsolete assets. Now a very high percentage of equipment with high rates of physical deterioration, as well as those machines that have long since exhausted its resources. But new equipment for improper use and will not be able to function effectively, will often break down and idle. A downtime - it's an additional loss of time and money, which is unacceptable in a crisis. Thus, maintenance and repair of equipment, especially for businesses with high-volume mass production and plays a critical role in ensuring the efficient production process and save resources. Currently, we can identify the following problems in this area, existing in Russian enterprises: a high proportion of heavily-worn equipment that requires frequent repairs, lack of funds for renovation / modernization of equipment, inappropriate organization of maintenance services, and equipment repair (MRO) and the use of a legacy system maintenance and repair; underutilization of the labor potential of professionals and workers, the need to reduce the cost of repair and maintenance of equipment in an economic crisis. To solve them, or minimize the expedient seems to hold events. Considering the problem of obsolete equipment and lack of money to replace it, we note that in times of crisis the volume of industrial production are falling, so some of the most worn-out equipment it is possible to retire - mothball or sell. The funds received (including from maintenance savings, by reducing the stock of equipment and introduction of new systems, equipment maintenance), in conjunction with other funding sources (state support, bank loans and direct investments), depending on financial and technical condition of the company may be sent for renewal of fixed assets. The irrational organization of maintenance services and the use of a legacy system maintenance and repair of equipment - one of the most serious problems of our medium and large enterprises.
If you have problems with planning. Part one
Today there is hardly an IT ishnik whom the word "planning" comes to mind is not an acronym ERP, APS, MES. Although these systems have different features and are designed to meet the challenges of planning at different levels, they can not only get along fine, but complement each other. Sometimes we hear from the maximalist calls to increase the functionality of APS or MES to the level of ERP. Can this be done? In principle, it is possible. How can raskormit cat to the size of the Caucasian guard. But then who would catch mice and keep the house? Now, instead of outdated standards, class planning systems MRP (Material Requirements Planning) and MRP-II (Manufacturing Resource Planning), came a new generation of systems - ERP (Enterprise resource planning), APS (Advanced Planning & Scheduling Systems) and MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems). These system solutions, proven in the last 15-20 years in various engineering plants have a different purpose, function and can be used separately or together. Despite the existing controversy adherents of different platforms mentioned above, it should be noted that all of them, despite the fact that they have in their composition planning function at a given level of detail may be separate parts of the overall system - are used to. Remember how it all began The story planning systems ancient history. The idea of planning activities in the undertaking, be it a factory, plant or process of construction of the pyramids, as old as the hills. As soon as people learned more or less tolerable to deal with numbers, just a desire to subdue with the help of these numbers in production processes. Also, long time people realized that the extreme value - not always the best, because in our world, he always opposed all sorts of restrictions. Combinatorics of the nature of things, events, and always has been. We always had the desire to remove the chaos and order of work in time and this order, even if it was found empirically to fix. Back in the early 20th century, a renowned expert on the organization of production, Henry Laurence Gantt was first formulated, in relation to the company, "Bancroft", which produces cotton, the following three simple rules for the organization of work: The order in which work must be carried out, is now defined in the office of the "white gate-prone "and not dyer. Accurate recording the best method of dyeing any shade kept in the office, respected master and no longer depends on a notebook or a dyer's memory. All painters and machinists are encouraged financially, when followed the instructions, or vice versa, shall be punished when they do not. And secured G. Gantt, this procedure works graphically in a certain diagram, which we now call his name. The foundation was laid. It remains only to find a way to calculate that the optimal sequence of operations that can not be broken. After implementing these principles of organization of production in a textile factory with a significant reduction of working hours has increased by 25-30% yield, while wages rose by 20-60%. [1].
On the essence of the socio-economic system
As you know, the system is a set of interrelated or interacting elements, combined with the overall quality and integrity of certain generators, and relations between them and between their properties. In modern literature there are two views on the socio-economic system. In a broad sense it is a "phenomenon of the society, which defines a" coordinate system "in which it performs its vital functions" [1. 47]. From this perspective, the socio-economic system is localized in the economic space and time, as well as in relation to its alternatives. This system, which has some historical, geographical, ethnic, religious, political and economic boundaries. This in turn means that it is embodied in a particular state and political education. Accordingly, as an example of socio-economic system can bring the country's political system, market economy, egalitarian policies of the USSR. In the narrow sense of the socio-economic system is a collection of resources and economic entities, which form a single unit (socio-economic structure), interrelated and interacting in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services demanded by the external environment [1 with. 48]. It should be noted that this definition does not fully disclose the nature of socio-economic system. Indeed, the economic activity involves the solution of economic problems, however, in our opinion, it should not be limited to matters of reproduction of the social product. It is also advisable to include in the scope of the socio-economic systems activities related to public services (health, environment, etc.), and the creation and transfer of new knowledge (research, public education). Against this background the author proposed to consider the socio-economic system as a community of people and economic entities, which form a whole, interconnected and interoperable for achieving social product, the creation of new knowledge and non-productive services to society. From this perspective, the socio-economic system can be any enterprise and any organization having two key at-signs, distinguished O. Kozlova [2. 5]. Firstly, people are engaged in processes of production and management should act as the main elements of it. Second, under this system should be established to tangible and intangible benefits, the gross social product, knowledge, services, public demand and need for a full existence and development of society. References: 1 Buzgalin A. The theory of socio-economic transformations (past, present and future economy of "real socialism" in the global post-industrial world) / A. Buzgalin, AI Kolganov. - Moscow: TEIS, 2003. - 356. 2 Theory of the management of socialist production: A Textbook for Students Ing. - Econ. specials. universities / Ed. O. Kozlova. - Moscow: Economics, 1983. - 432.
The use of outsourcing as a factor in the stability of the company
The development of this direction in the management of the company is due both to the laws of economic development in general and the current needs of businesses, mostly big ones. Consider the specific examples of the selection of its production outsourced to companies and vice versa using it. We define the causes, the expected economic and organizational impact. Let us try to outline the basic organizational charts, which determine the existence of such trends in enterprise management. An example of an enterprise "ZMZ". Volga enterprises seek to maximize profitability, restrukturiziruya "metal" and "okolometallicheskie" assets. Foundry Zavolzhsky Engine Plant (ZMZ), becoming an independent company, increases efficiency by developing new markets and expanding portfolio la orders. For the same reason other large steel plant in the Volga Vyksa beginning to provide a separate business unit of its noncore assets. The process of allocating the pig production industry in an independent logical stage Ia developing industrial assets, the analyst believes the company "Troika Dialog" Vasily Nikolayev. Vertical integration was justified at the time the need to minimize the risks in a volatile industrial cooperation. Now the need for integration is no longer the chains, but the growing need to increase the profitability of the business: reducing the cost of primary production and generate profits in new directions. General director of consulting firm Hatch-PKC Alexander Liebers sees the future of large steel and avtoholdingov to build structures on a divisional basis, and the final separation and additional facilities within the division. The meaning of the restructuring is due to more efficient use of various resources to increase the competitiveness of each production cycle, both domestically and abroad. An example of an enterprise "ALCATEL". French concern Alcatel gets rid of its plants. But it was not because of the recession. The company has decided: let others produce, it also will come up and sell. Experience in the U.S. and domestic companies in any case, the structure of the market machine components after 5-10 years of age should undergo a significant change: the part of procurement and auxiliary facilities will be closed, the cumulative decline of their power, there will be specialized engineering company components. For example, Atchison Casting Corporation, which consists of 18 plants, provides design and production of cast and forged parts of the known engineering companies such as Caterpillar, Gardner Denver, General Motors, Siemens, General Electric. Moreover, its annual turnover to 428 million dollars is quite comparable with the turnover of the largest Russian corporations. Many executives, annoyed to notice that the opportunities for outsourcing in Russia is quite modest. We have often heard the following feedback: "You can not trust anyone. If you want to get the job done on time and with required quality, do it yourself. " So sometimes, despite the obvious gains, many managers believe the transfer of business functions to outside contractors to be premature.
Synchronization of material flows in order to ensure sustainability of the enterprise
In recent years, synchronization of material flow in production logistics is growing interest. Leading companies have already begun to reform their free-production systems - partly own and partly with the help of consultants on a synchronized production, and is the key to their competitiveness in the global market. However, the powerful potential of the system synchronized production is still not fully appreciated. The main advantage of synchronization - creating conditions for sustainability of production systems with respect to the perturbing effects of the environment. [1] This article discusses the use of synchronization of material flow in order to improve the sustainability of industrial systems, it is specified category stability of the production system, its main characteristics and the way software. The stability of the operating (production) system - a system's ability to short, medium and long term, ie constant balance between the terms of the immediate processing of inputs, in order to meet the demand, as well as for self-reproduction and development through the use of methods and means to counter the external perturbing forces (risks) and to overcome the adverse effects of these impacts. Consider options for display categories in the sustainability of economic systems which are proposed author-mi: Averbukh, SA and L. Braga, Aniskin P., Danilov-Danilyan VI, Baranenko SP and Shemetova VV: pseudostability, spot, interval, linear, adaptive, compensated, strategic. [2] creating a synchronized production, start with a stage that is most close to the consumer, since the main goal of the reforms - increasing at a time. To make a profit, you need to reduce production costs (by reducing losses, will inevitably generate costs), provide high quality products and at the same time the ability to quickly respond to any changes. You can do it all, consistently implementing production methods listed in the diagram (Figure 1). During implementation, application and further development of these methods are gradually built up a synchronized production, detected and eliminated losses, reduced run-time operations. [3] By implementing a synchronized production should steadily strive for a certain ideal, but it does not break away from the concrete reality. All levels, which will have to go, and all the efforts should be subject to the same goal. At each of these levels are identified specific problems and propose their own ways of solving them. Level 1 At this level, the output of the method by which complete-ohm output. Processing or assembly of only those types of products that are demanded by consumers and thus removed from the store (which is why this system is called "which complete the production.") Level 2: The transition from production to production which complete on the basis of orders. At this level there is no need to stationary stores, fluctuations in demand compensates for the supply of materials between processes. Level 3, based on production orders. Another name for this type of production - "buffer system". Level 4 system is synchronized production in the true sense.
Features of Russia's industrial potential
Despite the relatively successful development of various sectors of our economy, the productive potential of Russia is still represented in the main fuel and energy, and defense systems. The share of the Russian Federation accounts for most of the energy resources of the former Soviet Union, including 86% of proven oil reserves, 84% gas and gas condensate, 70% coal. In the all-union production of energy resources Russia's share exceeded at one time 85%. In relation to the level of the former Soviet Union in the Russian Federation, 90% of the extracted oil and gas condensate, natural gas 79%, 56% coal, 63% of the electricity produced. Occupy a prominent position of the fuel and energy complex and the national economy of Russia. They account for more than 40% of capital investments in industry, almost a third of fixed assets, one-fifth of the labor force. The share of the complex for a number of parameters increases. At the same time to the decadent state of the industry are long-term infrastructure and agro-industrial production, engineering, and especially all the social service sector. Intermediate position between these two extremes is occupied by manufacturing industry of construction materials - steel, chemical and cement industries. In quality is far behind a building complex, despite the growth in construction in the pre-crisis years and the slow recovery in the present. Nevertheless, the fundamental problem of economic development of Russia is over all post-communist years of development, economic growth and its leadership areas - industry. Socio-political upheavals, the national-state demarcation, break traditional economic ties, falling living standards and consumer demand, investment crisis has led to an unprecedented downturn in the industry. Indeed, beginning with the 1992 transition from planning new distribution system of economic management to market methods of economic management has caused a very deep structural crisis of Russian industry. Background of this crisis were largely accumulated during the Soviet period: the established to the 90s structure of industrial production did not meet the market system of the economy, and microeconomic environment, represented by industrial enterprises and their managers, staff with management skills inherent in the planning and distribution system could not instantly and painlessly adapt to new economic conditions. A serious recession, which began in 1991, it was inevitable: the volume of industrial output in 1998 was less than half the 1990 level. The incident indicates that, on the one hand, the economy has got rid of the excess production and unnecessary in a market of products (reduction in military spending, failure to implement expensive inefficient investment projects, reducing the production of outdated and low quality products that are not in high demand as the population and industrial). The ensuing economic crisis in 1998 further crippled the Russian industry.
If you have problems with planning. Part two
Any planning at the level of ERP limited to the formation of bulk-month (decadic) plan. Adjust such plans can not be promptly and that's why their implementation requires a rigorous discipline in performing all those involved in the production chain units of the enterprise. That is, You can talk about the organization of production controlled by ERP, as the production of a certain stock of "sustainability" in relation to the emerging deviations from the plan drawn up by volume. The entire burden falls on it at the contestants: "as you like, but the planned target for the calculated time, to!" And, most importantly, ERP, issuing job to all units, when in need of updating the plans, unable to cope with it, that k. any recount would the same picture of the general tasks - tasks in the volume, but not in the detailed terms of products and operations that need to control the level shops. Planning for APS In terms of precise planning of work at enterprises of interest are the classes of APS (Advanced Planning & Scheduling Systems) and MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems). APS-systems, which appeared on the market in the mid-90s, are already planning tool for the direct operations of the enterprise. Despite the unambiguous designation, many writers and even the developers interpret this name differently: "Optimized production planning", "advanced planning", "better planning", "advanced planning", "optimized and synchronized planning," "detailed planning" "operational planning" and even "careful planning"! Agree, so many interpretations, the question arises - what is actually wrong? Compared to what an expanded, improved, how accurate than with synchronous, that is optimized and how quickly? Expanded and improved. In the early 90s after the first experimental implementation of ERP, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of planning according to the standard MRPII company faced a major problem - the reliability of planning. The reliability and accuracy over time. Market dynamics, trends JIT concept demanded by enterprises more accurate delivery time, full participation in supply chain management. The imperfection of planning with MRPII required a revision of "values" - which is important in planning? Speed, contrary to its accuracy, and what need these metrics? It was found that without solving the problem of supply management, without the possibility of predicting the exact dates of production enterprise is a thing in itself. Therefore, the main goal for the next generation of planning systems - APS is a solution to automate the supply chain management (SCM - Supply Chain Management), and this functional APS, is implemented by allowing the planning of all work in time with respect to capacity utilization, has a dual purpose - it is implemented as for the company, acting subject to the entire chain in a dynamic market for goods and objects of the enterprise itself - shops, sections and units. Thus, the ability to plan in APS expanded and improved on the standard MRPII.
If you have problems with planning. Part Three
Due to a more precise planning of operational, ie, calculation of the production schedule, APS, based on information on the status of supplies, inventory and availability of production capacity, said the planned launch date-release products. Emerging mismatch of the timing requirements of the current production program leads to the need for correction of target dates at the level of ERP. Planning in the MES said that MES-systems appeared over 30 years ago. Unfortunately, the authors, the general experience of which in the planning and automation of production is 45 years old, twenty years ago have not seen in the literature this abbreviation. Whatever it was, with MES-systems is more or less very clear, except one - they are constantly confused with the APS-systems. To understand what is actually MES-system, once again look at the functions of the regulated MES, whose number is exactly eleven: Condition monitoring and allocation of resources (RAS). Operational / Detailed Planning (ODS). Production supervision (DPU). Control of documents (DOC). Collecting and storing data (DCA). Human Resource Management (LM). Quality Management (QM). Management of production processes (PM). Managing maintenance and repairs (MM). Tracing the history of the product (PTG). Performance Analysis (PA). As we see in this list does not function SCM, which is central to the APS-systems. Despite the seeming at first glance, the diversity of functions of MES, we should understand that all these functions are operational in nature and not regulated by the relevant requirements of the enterprise as a whole and to one of his unit (the shop, section, unit), which is planning to work . It should also be understood that features such as document management, personnel - is the management of guild documents (purchase orders, statements, reporting, etc.) and personnel department. The main functions of MES-systems listed above are - operational and scheduling (detailed planning) and scheduling of manufacturing processes on the shop floor. These two functions define the MES-system as a system of an operational nature, aimed at creating a schedule of equipment and operational management of production processes in the shop. MES-system receives the amount of work that is either presented during ERP space-scheduling or APS-system is given in the form acceptable to the company schedule of workshops, and in the future itself is not only building a more precise schedule for the equipment, but also in online monitors their implementation. In this sense, the goal of MES-systems - not only to fulfill a given volume with the specified time frames of some orders, but to perform as best as possible in terms of economic performance shop. We have already said that APS-systems form some initial schedule of the first degree of approximation even before the start of production plans. At the same time due to the high dimensionality of the problem, do not take into account many of the technological and organizational factors. MES system is at run time to give a preliminary plan, optimize it for a number of criteria. Thus, after optimization, and building a new schedule of workshops, often due to compression of the equipment, additional reserves are found, it is possible within the planning period to fulfill additional orders.
Industry and its role in the development of social production
Our country is now at a new stage of its development - the stage of formation of a new social order. Further development of the Russian Federation at this stage depends on the magnitude of its economic potential. Lebensraum Russia is 17.1 million square feet. km. This is - 3 / 4 of the territory within the boundaries of the USSR in 1990 Russia's population - about 142 million people., Human resources - nearly 70 million people. Russia is home to about 3% of world population, but rather on its territory there are 35% of the total reserves of the world's resources, and more than half the reserves of strategic raw materials. In their overall assessment of every Russian is 3-5 times richer than Americans and are 10-15 times - all Europeans. Russian forest resources are 81.6 billion cubic meters. which makes up 95 percent of ex-Union. The area of arable land reaches 650 million hectares - two thirds of the former all-union. In the technological aspect of the material and Russia - the only country in the world, self-sufficient for intense socio-economic development. Currently, the development of Russian industry is undergoing a complex and lengthy stage of modernization. In the transformation economy industry in Russia is part of a complex set of industries. A special place in the engineering industry structure due to the fact that it has a determining influence on the development of productive forces and production relations. Industry, especially heavy industry, is the basis for the expanded reproduction of the economy. It will continuously play the means of production for their own development and for other areas of the market. The development of industry contributes to the rational distribution of productive forces, the comprehensive development of the economic regions of Russia and the effective use of various types of natural resources. The industrial potential of Russia submitted to the fuel and energy, manufacturing and defense. In Russia remains a major problem for development, effective functioning and growth of industry and one of its leading industries - engineering. Socio-economic disasters, national and state separation, break traditional economic ties, falling living standards and consumer demand have led to an investment slowdown and the crisis in the industry. Slight growth of individual sub-machine-building industry did not significantly affect the overall decline in the industry. At the present time it is necessary to draft and implement an industrial policy of Russia so as to create conditions for normal operation and a possible increase in engineering, as well as providing conditions for the continued expansion of domestic demand for domestic engineering products. The main factors contributing to the increase in volume of production engineering are the following: 1) To increase the volumes of fuel and raw materials sectors to increase exports, and 2) the relative stabilization of real income, and 3) a sharp slowdown in the rate of decline of investment in fixed assets in production facilities destination, and 4) increase in the number of productions through the issuance of import-substitution products of mutual joint ventures, and 5) an increase in certain types of products, causing a chain of technological growth of other engineering products, and 6) a significant increase in investment in the real economy.
Organizational behavior: concept and highlights
Organizational behavior - the study of human behavior (individuals and groups) in organizations and the practical use of knowledge. OP study allow us to determine ways to improve labor rights. Organizational behavior - a scientific discipline in which the main body of knowledge to continuously add new research and conceptual developments. And at the same time, OP - applied science, through which information about the successes and failure of companies covered by other organizations. The science of organizational behavior provides a set used at different levels of analysis tools. For example, it allows managers to analyze the behavior of individuals in an organization contributes to understanding the problems of interpersonal relationships in the interaction between two individuals (colleagues or a pair of "initial-slave"). In addition, knowledge of the OP are extremely useful when considering the dynamics of relationships within small groups (both formal and informal). In situations where the need for coordination between two or more groups (eg, technical services and sales), managers are interested in emerging intergroup relations. Finally, the organization can be viewed and managed as a holistic system, which form the basis of intra-organizational relationships (eg, strategic alliances and joint ventures). Most scientific disciplines (and the OP is no exception) has four goals - the description, understanding, prediction and control of certain phenomena. Our first task - a systematic description of human behavior in a variety of emerging situations in the labor process. The second objective of our discipline is to explain the causes of behavior of individuals in certain circumstances. Hardly any of the managers will arrange a situation where he, having the opportunity to discuss the behavior of its employees do not understand the reasons underlying their actions. The prediction of employee behavior in the future - another goal of the OP. Ideally, managers would not refuse to have the opportunity to know exactly which employees today will work enthusiastically and productively, and who will come to the office, or will be late all day "look out the window" (in order to enable managers to take preventive measures). The ultimate goal of studying the OP - mastering the skills to manage people's behavior at work and their improvement. Manager is responsible for the results of the work tasks, and hence the possibility of influencing the behavior of employees and work teams have for it is vitally important. Some researchers have expressed concerns that the OD tools can be used to limit freedom of staff members and infringement of their rights. Indeed, such a scenario is possible, but from our point of view, it is unlikely, since the actions of most managers are under close control of society. Managers should remember that the OP - Tool mutual benefit of individuals and organizations. The main determining organizational behavior force nature of the organization is formed in the interaction of various forces, variety of species which can be classified into four areas - people, organizational structure, technology, and the external environment in which the organization operates (see Figure 1).
Methods of improving the technological changes of parameters of the system the company
The implementation of innovative processes in the industrial sector in the post-industrial period, the economy has a tendency, which can be formulated as "not to be like." In this regard, the economy of industrial production does not develop by increasing the millions of pieces, tons, cubic yards, etc., products, and increase the range of products, their diversity and create technologies that provide a competitive cost structure for manufacturing products with stable properties of the consumer receiving the finished product . Investing innovative programs in the market economy at the expense of shareholders, so the basic requirement for the realization of innovative projects is an adequate increase in shareholder value. A significant obstacle in achieving this target is the lack of scientific methods of metrological provision for assessing the business value of the capitalization of your investment in an innovative project investment. Analysis of published results of scientific research in the field of technology assessment in the innovation process has shown that a number of economic categories, related to the characteristics of technological systems of enterprises, greatly determines the cost of equity capital, in particular, the structure of production costs and depreciation, are not present in the estimates of the effectiveness of investment . In designing and implementing innovative programs cost estimate technological systems and business valuation as a whole has not yet become part of the economic metrology, providing facilities to bring the estimated identical conditions of comparison. As a result of the innovation process is no complexity in the systems of units. An indicator of sustainable development of the company is changing its value, so the evaluation of technology in metrological support are an important mechanism for measuring revenue management systems and technological enterprise in general. The cost of IT systems the company quantifies the effectiveness of technology in the production process. In this regard, the development of science-based metrological support of innovation processes, ensuring efficient use of investment resources of shareholders, is a very important task. Measuring the parameters of the innovation process, as well as other economic parameters, excellent technique on the technical dimensions. The main difference lies in the impossibility of imposing a physical one object to another and provide a complete analogy of external conditions. As well as in gauging the economic dimension as measuring tools used by the analog model [1]. Designing the required "hard" parameters of the technological system is based on the development of standards and working measuring instruments in their proper selection, development and application of metrological rules and regulations to ensure the required measurement quality in the enterprise, industry and national economy. Selecting a master of quantitative parameters in the measurement process is a major problem. Consumer product properties depend directly on the instrument, the state and possibilities of the technological machine, whose parameters are controllable and predictable, that is,
The historical development of the operational planning of production
The traditional view of production management began to take shape in the XVIII century. When Adam Smith considered the economic benefits of specialization of labor. Apparently, this is the event gave an impetus to the development of operational planning of production, because the existence of specialization in production implies the presence of co-operation, that is, forms of work organization based on joint participation in a common work process a large number of workers that perform different operations of this process [1] .
Diagnosis of substance and content of manufacturing problems
This article reflects the main substantive aspects of the diagnosis of production problems of the enterprise. We consider classification problems of functioning of the production system, the defining characteristics of production problems, the key stages of diagnosis
Experience in engineering plants to overcome the crisis
Now the middle of 2011. Some of the economists say that the crisis in Russia behind and have nothing to fear. Some (for example, Nouriel Roubini) are awaiting new economic turmoil and I must say - rightly so. In the face of uncertainty is rather interesting experience rassmoret companies, faced with a wave of the crisis of 2008 and continuing quite successfully carry out their activities. Companies considered in the future, are machine-tive sector - this Kirov Plant, Machine Building Concern "Power Machines", TagAZ, as well as company Subaru. The traditional niche of the Kirov factory - agricultural, construction machinery. In these segments, the decline in production during the crisis period has exceeded 50% over the past two years, the factory was working at a loss. However, the company solve these problems - in times of turmoil plant does not choose a wait-and parallel with the inclusion of anti-crisis mechanisms involved in new developments. It should be noted that since the mid-2000s at the Kirov plant defines the main directions in which production is carried out consolidation of business units, while the centralization of service and non-productive functions performed on the basis of the parent company. To date, the plant has set for itself four main areas: metallurgy, agricultural and construction machinery, power machinery, production of components. Another (non-production division) formed a unit for management of property and infrastructure - energy, railway and port infrastructure. With the onset of the crisis factory switched to the priority issue of industrial machinery and due to this diversification tractor production has managed to survive in 2010. Designers PTZ in 2009 have developed a new machine - an industrial tractor new generation of K-708 can thus be noted that the successful survival of the crisis contributed to the fact that the Kirov plant - is a major diversified industrial group operating in the field of mechanical engineering and metallurgy, and occupies in their areas of key positions at least in the domestic market, with an emphasis on intelligent products and their own design work. Machine Building Concern "Power Machines" by 22% in 2011 increased its investment program in comparison with 2010. Its volume in 2011 will amount to 4.3 billion rubles of its own and borrowed funds. Half of this money will be invested in the further construction of the first new plant "Silmasha" in the industrial zone "Metallostroy" (Kolpino district of St. Petersburg). There will be a slow moving manufacturing and high-speed turbines with capacity up to 1600 MW for nuclear power plants (NPPs). End of construction is planned for mid 2012, and new products - in 2013. With the release of a new set of full capacity production capacity will increase to production equipment with total capacity of 14 GW per year (2011 - 9 GW).
Optimization of multi-functional centers
The purpose of this writing - development proposals for the optimization of multi-functional centers of public and municipal services, in particular - in Voronezh and Voronezh region. Relevance is determined by the insufficient capacity of "windows" MFC, resulting in excessive waiting time of application for services. But first, we define what we mean by a multipurpose center (MFC). Under the multi-function center refers to a single point of admission, registration and issuance of necessary documents to citizens and legal persons in the provision of public and municipal services. At the same time providing public and municipal services on a "one stop" means the provision of state or municipal service after a single treatment with the applicant's request. Interaction with public service providers, or entities that provide municipal services by multipurpose center without the applicant in accordance with the regulations and the agreement on cooperation. The main objectives of the MFC are: - Maintaining personal reception of applicants and the application form in the presence of applicants for state services on the principle of "one window" - tracking the delivery of public services in charge of the executive bodies of state authority and inform applicants of their inquiries about the stages of public service delivery - organization of the results of public services from the responsible agencies of the government and giving the finished result to the applicants. Note that the designated tasks are performed MFC. Man, turning to the MFC, saves your time by obtaining the possibility to obtain information and dokumety of different services in one place. However, here lies the basic flaw in the MFC. Currently, procedures for issuance of documents on various aspects of life are quite complex, especially in the pre-collection of documents needed to start processing the final document (drawing an analogy with the production of this time period can be called a preparatory time). Quite often it happens that by the time the man when it comes time to turn to a specialist MFC is that not enough of a document or a person not to danomu requested them a favor (temporarily or in principle). Under such situation, there is a significant increase in nervous tension as the visitors and workers in the MFC, which adversely affects the capacity of "windows". We should also mention the lack of an existing system at the moment a single electronic queue, which allows you to allocate space only for the current day and does not allow the appointment of a certain date and time. Observations on the windows of the MFC "Pension Fund" (windows 6-7) held during 14-21 June 2011, showed that the maintenance of a visitor spent an average of 5-7 minutes at a daily stream of visitors, fluctuating within 45-70 people. In conjunction with the existing system of electronic queue and a wide age spread of the data windows users get additional time delay associated with the refusal of visitors waiting for their turn while keeping the memory of computer system queues the coupon number.
Approach to improving the competitiveness of mining engineering
By the end of 2009 state of the industry related to mining was characterized, in terms of investment in mining - 948,751.0 mln.r., and for the production of specials. mining machinery - 30 291 mln.r. The share of foreign sales of machinery manufacturers in the market serving the nedrodobychu in Russia in 2008, is 43.36% - in physical terms is 31 190 pieces of equipment. The volume of the presence of domestic machinery of 56.64% or 40 742 units of equipment, according to the year 2008.
Motivation as a factor in the crisis
Of course, speaking about the changes in organizational culture and climate, not be ruled out, and external events such as visits to museums (Pushkin Museum), theater, joint forays into the countryside.
The budget of the Russian Federation on the basis of the current year deficit tired
According to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation federal budget deficit this year could reach 0.1% of GDP, which in monetary terms will be about 29.9 billion rubles. At the same time the federal budget revenues in 2011 will amount to 11.069 trillion rubles and expenditures - 11.099 trillion. Including the non-oil revenues will amount to 5.607 trillion rubles (10.5% of GDP). Recall that, by the latest amendments to the federal budget for 2011 approved by the Russian government, he should be executed with a zero deficit and expenditure and revenue side will be about 11.12 trillion rubles. Recall that even before Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in a deficit budget this year. Even earlier - in March this year, now former Finance Minister Kudrin said that the deficit budget may be in 2011, but only at the price of oil $ 115 a barrel.
Russia will give Cyprus a loan of 2.5 billion euros at a low rate
It is known that Russia would provide financial support to Cyprus and to open a credit line in January 2012, for a period of 4.5 years at 4.5%. The total allocation of funds to reach 2.5 billion euros. It is noteworthy that this loan will execute in the form of an intergovernmental agreement. Recall that in mid-September, reported the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation have reached an agreement to grant Cyprus a loan. As pointed out in The Financial Times, close financial ties between Cyprus and Russia have become a little more closely. These funds will help Cyprus to survive the turbulent times of crisis in Europe. Moreover, Cyprus as an offshore banking center of Russia, will remain a reliable partner. Note that the budget deficit of Cyprus in 2011 will reach 5.5% of gross domestic product, as the banks in Cyprus are highly vulnerable because of the nearby Greek crisis and general financial instability.
Stock and currency markets continue to nosedive
Global stock exchanges and currency markets continued fever. Since last Thursday's collapse continued a new and larger sales. In the end, were placed on new anti-record fall in the dollar gain, which is strengthened in almost all directions. The main causes of this global meltdown everywhere are all increasing the likelihood of default in Greece and the apparent slowdown in world economic growth in many countries. All this led investors to withdraw capital to flee from risky assets. As a result of today's trading the Japanese Nikkei index fell by 1.05%, Hong Kong's Hang Seng fell 3.4% to 2.5-year low, the South Korean KOSPI - by 3.6%. The Russian market fell by 2% down. Europe has opened in negative territory at once, and by 12:30 Moscow time, Britain's FTSE 100 fell 2.3%, German DAX - 3.3%, while the French CAC 40 - at 2.75%. Hardest-hit shares of banks. Since stock prices Royal Bank of Scotland fell by 7%, the French BNP Paribas - 3.8%. At the same time the U.S. dollar, updated 9-month high as a basket of major currencies and the euro exchange rate which in the Forex market today fell to 1.3150 dollars per euro. It is noteworthy that last month the Russian stock market collapsed by almost 15% - from 1,500 points to 1,300, and the ruble - by 12%. And these marks is not the limit and will soon fall, with a few Pullback to continue.
Moody's may lower ratings of the EU
The press service of the international rating agency Moody's said that the countries of the European Union may face further decline in ratings against the progression of the debt crisis in Europe. At present, experts say the agency, almost all countries in the eurozone, with the exception of having the highest credit rating - AAA (Germany, Luxembourg, France, Austria, Netherlands and Finland), experience the negative pressure and few of them are able to maintain their current ratings. Note that recently some eurozone countries have lost confidence of investors in its sovereign debt. Of course the biggest problem right now in Greece, for which the cost of borrowing for a long time has passed for two-digit values. Also experiencing serious problems and Spain, Portugal and Ireland.
Recommendations to overcome the resistance of staff in the implementation of reengineering
Re-engineering in Russia is a new concept, the majority of ordinary workers about it is not known, and like everything new and unknown reengineering is resisted by the staff. Quite often is the practice of conflict during the BPO. When the conflict in the period of re-engineering can identify two main reasons: objective and subjective. The first relates simple complicated situation in which employees are in the new conditions. This is also the fear of change, the reluctance to raise the level of knowledge on a mandatory basis disbelief leadership of the organization, incomprehensible changes, lack of motivation, lack of clearly defined powers and more. Such problems are referred to as the number of potentially conflicting changes during the reengineering of the enterprise. They are objectively contribute to the emergence of tensions. If people put in such conditions, regardless of their attitudes, character traits, already established relations, calls for understanding and self-restraint is likely to conflict. Neotregulirovannost their relationship can last for years, as may be protracted and conflict. Note that the situations in which emerges the objective origin of conflicts, in real industrial practice there are many. Resolving conflicts caused by such factors can only be achieved by changing the objective situation. In these cases, conflicts perform a kind of alarm function, pointing to trouble in the life of the team and could lead to negative consequences of the introduction of reengineering project. This means that, before implementing the project, it is necessary to eliminate all possible factors that could cause conflicts. But there are also subjective causes of conflict related to the interests of individual workers, which must be addressed individually. Such problems can be solved locally. Implementation of the program reengineering usually leads to a reduction in the number of employees due to lower volume of work. In turn, this causes the staff anxiety and fear that can inhibit (albeit temporarily) its ability to cooperate. Therefore, staff should receive regular authentic and reliable information about the actual status and plans for top management in the near and distant future. The process of reducing the number of employees should be conducted discreetly, he considered further by the author in the first part of the thesis. Redesigned business processes can create new jobs, creating a need to develop different systems of remuneration of staff. Existed prior to reengineering the pay may be inconsistent with the new kinds of work. Revision of pay should contribute to the successful implementation of new work. It should also be considered such measures dopolnitelngo stipmulirovaniya as a range of benefits to companies and recreation, joint outings, such as the recreation of Koblevo. This helps to encourage staff to move to new working conditions and to prevent it "slip" on the old familiar way.
Moody's has downgraded the ratings of several major British banks
The international rating agency Moody's lowered the credit ratings of 12 large banks at once Great Britain, among whom were Lloyds, RBS, Nationwide, and Santander. Moreover, representatives of Moody's believe that the UK government to provide less support for banks, found themselves in financial trouble. As a result, bank shares fell after a downgrade by 3-4%. Most of all fallen in value securities RBS - 3.8%. Earlier, the Bank of England released a 200 billion pounds to buy government debt, thus stimulating lending by commercial banks.
The ECB and the Bank of England will buy assets
According to Jean-Claude Trichet, European Central Bank (ECB) will return to the issuing bank loan for a period of one year and begin a new repurchase program covered bonds of about 40 billion euros. Recall that in 2009-2010, the ECB has already acquired the bond coating on primary and secondary markets within the program of 60 billion euros. It is noteworthy that today Trichet last spoke at a press conference as head of the ECB - in late October, he will leave his post. We also learned that the Bank of England sent 75 billion pounds to stimulate the economy and resume the program of "quantitative easing", providing for repayment of assets to protect the UK economy from the debt crisis. Today was declared and interest rates refinancing of the European Central Bank and the Bank of England, they remained the same - 1.5% 0.50%, respectively. At this news the foreign exchange market reacted by a sharp depreciation of the pound and a significantly smaller fall in the euro, which has already regained some lost ground, according to the U.S. dollar.
The influence of behaviorism on organizational behavior
The theory of learning (behaviorism) - this is a large school of psychology, presented the work of Pavlov, D. Watson and BF Skinner. The term "learning theory" is used mainly in relation to behavioral psychology. In contrast to the pedagogical concepts of learning, education and education theory of learning covers a wide range of processes of formation of individual ¬ experience, such as habituation, imprinting, the formation of the simplest conditioned reflexes, complex motor and language skills, sensory discrimination and reaction, etc. Behaviorism - leading direction of American psychology, according to which the subject of psychology is not the consciousness and behavior, understood as a combination of motor and reducible to them verbal and emotional responses - responses to the impact (incentives), the external environment. Thanks to the skills acquired by the behavior of people adapt to the environment and produces new ways of responding. Among the methods of learning can be called a conditioned reflex, the method of "trial and error" and insight. In humans, like animals, even the most basic way of learning a conditioned response. If a person is properly present a familiar and a new stimulus for him, then he will answer his conduct in the second as well as the first. Thus, Pavlovian dog to salivate at the presentation of food as well as the sound of the call. For this was enough to call earlier accompanied the appearance of food. Along with the IP Pavlov's conditioned reflex study involved an American scientist 'D. B. Watson. He applied the concept of a conditioned reflex to learning theory. D. B. Watson argued that any behavior described in terms of stimuli and responses. Stimulus can be defined as the observed change in the external environment, and response - the action of the organism in response to a stimulus. He held in his lab the next non-teaching experience: children showing a pretty white arm, and at the same time heard a terrible roar. It took a few reps to cover the children of the same horror at the appearance of a white mouse, as well as on the wild noise that accompanied this appearance. Watson believed that between certain stimuli and responses are innate connection. With the help of conditioned reflexes can be trained to form new connections between certain stimuli and responses. Being firmly convinced of the importance of the principles of teaching and learning in man, Watson said that if given a dozen healthy, susceptible children, and allow to raise in his method, he makes sure that would make any of them who wants - physician, lawyer, an artist, businessman, even a beggar or a thief, regardless of his talents, aptitudes, aspirations, opportunities, vocations and heredity. Thus, the conditioned reflex can be defined as the first type of learning based on associative connections. The man remembers and reproduces already established neyromozgovuyu link. (For example, children with a doctor often cry.) Conditioning does not change behavior, and changes only situation that calls it.
Business plan as a tool to attract investment
In terms of economic instability, reduced consumer demand, inflation and other negative factors that are characteristic features of the economic crisis, particularly important in the business enterprise shall take measures to attract new investment in the development of their capacity or to external conditions.
Investment projects as a form of the firm
There are two models of the firm: classical and innovative (venture capital, the most risky). The first (classical) model - a traditional, re-productive (or routine), expanded reproduction, when accompanied by a stable demand for maximum impact resources. In this model, the concept of the commodity ("more of the same"), the company realized primarily due to external factors (from subsidy to protectionism by the government), and only secondarily - by internal factors (modernization of technology and equipment, updating the product range, etc.). The second model - innovative development, suggesting new ways through the concept of increasing the efficiency of investment based on business processes having the most risky (venture) in nature. This model assumes a constant innovative changes through the planning and implementation of direct portfolio investments. Strategic development objectives in this case is to increase competitiveness and market value of the firm. A distinctive feature of the second model is that the first stage of its application forms a strong and active innovative idea, it worked out in detail in the business plan and reflected in practice by implementing an investment project. The business plan of the project, it is, in fact - his business card. It gives the investor response to the question of whether to invest in this investment, and under what conditions it will be most effective when allowed to investor risk and loyalty to the assumptions made by the developer of the investment project. A properly drawn up a business plan for the investment project is a prerequisite for obtaining bank loans. If the borrower does not exist, this indicates a low professional level of management companies, non-possession of his situation, and makes getting a bank loan is almost impossible, moreover, in the future the bank will evaluate the credit delivery to such enterprises, as more high-risk operation. This means that the bank, given the higher risk of loan default, be sure to increase the interest payments on the loan upwards, and credit, respectively - will be expensive and impractical. In order to ensure a consistent and systematic innovation, we need a lot of money, ie the investment. It is considered that the investment operation - a transaction associated with an investment of funds in the implementation of business projects that will provide revenue for periods exceeding one year. In practice, the following types of these investments: 1) physical (tangible) assets - industrial buildings and structures, equipment, machines, and 2) in financial assets - bank deposits, bonds, shares and other rights to receive cash from individuals and legal persons, and 3) in intangible assets - the value acquired by the company as a result of retraining programs or staff development, development of trade marks, acquisitions, licenses, etc. The problem of attracting investment, which can create a powerful impetus to the development of firms, worried about today, most domestic entrepreneurs.
Investments and their role in economic development
Investing - the term on everyone's lips in the past two decades. But is a relatively new word for our economy. In Soviet times, only one used the term "capital expenditure", which refers to all costs of reproduction of fixed assets, including the cost to repair them. In the scientific literature, these two concepts in recent years are treated differently . Traditionally, investment is understood as the exercise of certain development projects in the present, with the expectation to receive income in the future. This approach to understanding the investment is predominant, both in domestic and foreign economic literature. In the RF Law "On Investment Activity in the Russian Federation carried out in form of capital investments »№ 39-FZ of February 25, 1999, defines an investment:" ... investments - cash, securities, other property, including property rights, other rights, which have monetary value, invested in facilities business and (or) other activity for profit, and (or) achieving another beneficial effect. "Investments - is a broader concept than capital investments. Investments are generally classified as portfolio and real. Portfolio (financial) investments - are investments in shares , bonds, other securities, the assets of other companies. Real investments - investments in the creation of new, reconstruction and modernization of existing enterprises. In this case, institutional investor, investing, increasing its productive capital - the basic production assets and the necessary working capital for their operation means. In the implementation of portfolio investment, the investor increases its financial capital to yield dividends - income securities. The RF Law "On Investment Activity in the Russian Federation carried out in the form of capital investment," the concept of "capital investment" is interpreted as follows: "... capital investments - investments in fixed assets (fixed assets), including the cost of new construction, expansion, reconstruction and modernization of existing businesses, acquisition of machinery, equipment, tools, equipment, design work and other costs" . Based on this definition, the investments in working capital, can not be regarded as capital investments. If we argue from positions in production more specifically, the capital investments - at cost: construction works for the construction of buildings, purchase, installation and commissioning of machinery and equipment, design work, content management enterprise under construction, personnel training and retraining, the cost of allotment of land and resettlement in connection with construction, etc. The statistical accounting and economic analysis of real investment is also called kapitaloobrazuyuschimi. Kapitaloobrazuyuschie investments include the following elements: investment in fixed capital costs of major repairs, investments in the acquisition of land and natural resources, investments in intangible assets (patents, licenses, software, research and development activities, etc.
Problems of direct investment enterprises
Direct investment - capital investment is directly in the production of any product, including the purchase, construction or expansion funds of the enterprise (branch). Direct investment can be understood as all operations connected with the establishment of a (gain) control over the enterprise, regardless of its legal form, or the expansion of the company. Direct investments provide investors with effective control over the investee production. Why the problem of direct investment in the production of so relevant today? Businesses are constantly faced with the need of investment, ie with an investment of financial resources (internal and external) in a variety of programs and individual activities (projects) in order to establish new, maintenance and development of existing facilities (capacity) technical preparation of production, profit and other outcomes, such as environmental, social, etc. . Direct investments are directly involved in the production process, for example, investments in buildings, equipment, inventory, etc. According to the American methodology, to include direct investments, which form over a quarter of a firm's capital. Direct investment consists of two distinct components. The first of these - it's an investment in fixed capital, ie the acquisition of newly produced capital goods, such as production equipment, computers and buildings for production purposes. The second component - the investment in inventories (working capital), which represent the accumulation of stocks of raw materials to be used in the production process, or unsold finished goods. Business Inventories are considered an integral part of the total amount of capital stock in the economic system, they are just as necessary as the capital in the form of equipment and buildings for production purposes. Why direct investment so essential to the enterprise? Lack of financial resources the company trying to make up by raising prices for their products. All the increase in profits in the economy determined the price factor. However, increasing prices, enterprises are faced with the demand constraints, leading to problems with product sales and, consequently, the production decline. This can put on the brink of bankruptcy, many enterprises. For example, in a difficult situation was the Volga Automobile Plant. To provide the necessary resources for investment, he always raised the price of the car "Lada", which they have become more value than many higher-quality foreign models. Therefore, sales of products VAZ becomes problematic, but the fate of the plant uncertain. Government is taking action that will facilitate the formation of businesses the necessary financial resources for industrial development. Analysis of the effectiveness of direct investment, if the investment is for the investor requiring justification is based on an assessment of investment projects. The investment project - feasibility study, the volume and timing of investment and a description of practical actions to make investments.
From business ideas to invest
Science and Innovation today is determined not only the process of social development, but also the direction of human evolution in general. In connection with this problem of the generation, transmission and utilization of knowledge must be regarded as a pivotal component of the technology and social and economic development. There is no doubt that the dynamics of science and innovation development organization is determined by the transfer of knowledge and technology. This process is also called technology transfer, meaning the term "technology" is not only manufacturing processes but also processes of social development, market relations and management in the political sphere, etc. It is therefore important to find a common methodological approach to all major and related phenomena and events associated with the emergence, transmission and utilization of knowledge embodied in innovations. The starting point for a career in business and business-planning development of existing or creating a new company - to develop this idea of a new product or service that a company will produce. The sources of business ideas can be: Consumers. In search of new ideas entrepreneurs are paying more attention to the opinion of consumers, since the ultimate purpose of production of any new product or service - it is customer satisfaction. Products of competitors. As a result of this analysis often turns out that this or that product or service can be improved, and this idea is the basis for new business. The opinions of sales employees and sales representatives. With his knowledge of the needs of the market sales workers often can suggest something fundamentally new. They can also assist in marketing a new idea or product. Publications of the federal government and archives. There are archives of patent offices, which record all the inventions and ideas of innovative products. Although by themselves patented ideas are protected by law, their study can often come across new ideas. There are a number of periodicals, which publishes information on recent patents. Research and development (R & D). Laboratory research and development, as a rule, well-equipped and therefore provide a great opportunity to find ideas for new products. At the stage of pre-investment phase, carried out all necessary investigations and research and development, preceding the adoption of an investment decision. Suppose a large volume of pa-boat associated with the development concept and its structuring, pre-project analysis performed. Now there is a need in the final, most compact document, which will allow managers to not only make an informed decision, but also indicate when and what to do to meet the expectations of the effectiveness of the business project. For this purpose, creating a business plan, which is the main instrument for the creditors and the main tool for artists. From the correctness of this document depend on the approval of the project and its viability.
Classification and structure of investment
For the recording, analysis and more effective investment they need to be scientifically sound classification of both the macro and micro levels. A sound and scientifically justified in the classification of investment not only allows them to competently consider and analyze the level of their use on all sides and on this basis to get unbiased information to develop and implement an effective investment policy at both the macro and micro levels. Earlier in the planned economy in the Soviet literature and in practice was more common classification of investments in the following ways: on the basis of purpose of future objects in industrial construction, the construction of cultural and social institution, for the construction of administrative buildings in the survey and exploration, by forms of reproduction of fixed assets: for new construction, expansion and modernization of existing enterprises, the technical retooling, the sources of funding: decentralized to centralized, in the direction of use: for production, non-productive. With the transition to a market data classification has not lost its scientific and practical importance, but they were clearly inadequate. Note that investment - a more extensive concept than just capital investments. As you know, they include both real investment investment and portfolio. This classification did not take into account the investment portfolio, is also a transition to a market economy greatly expanded the ways and methods of financing both capital investments and investments in general, as well as the scope of their application. None of this is the place and is not reflected in the above classification. Of scientific and practical interest in the classification of investments that are in the foreign literature, and its generalization to the possibility of using domestic practice. For example, the German professor Vaynrihom proposed the following classification of investments relative to the object of their applications: investment in property (tangible investment) - Investment in buildings, equipment, supplies of materials, financial investments (purchase of shares, bonds and other securities); intangible investments (investment in training, research and development, advertising). In foreign literature, a classification of portfolio investments on the basis of influence and control of the firm, whose shares are purchased by the investor. Based on this criterion all portfolio investments are classified as: have a significant effect - the acquisition of more than 20% but less than 50% of the shares with voting rights to ensure control - ownership of the investor over 50% of the voting stock; not possible to establish control and no significant influence - possession of less than 20% of the voting stock; not possible to establish control, but have a significant effect - ownership of more than 20% but less than 50% of the voting stock, to ensure control - ownership of more than 20% but less than 50% of the shares of the parent company and 100% of the shares of the subsidiary. This classification, in our opinion, is important for the formation of the optimal structure of portfolio investment in the company.
