On industrial policy in Russia

The experience of countries with developed market economies suggests that the higher the level of industrial development, the more inclusive and deeper becomes the mechanism governing the effect of state on the economy in general and the industrial complex. Clearly, this requires a stable and verified the legal system. According to experts in the field of legal regulation (legal support) in the industry we have now operates over 200 regulations. These acts were published in various stages of reform, there appeared when it was necessary to urgently resolve a given question, and therefore were ill-matched to each other, and often still are conflicting. In national legislative practice has developed its own approach to the formulation of laws specific sectoral focus. So, were drafted laws regulating certain aspects of industrial activity: "On Oil and Gas," "On the corner," "On the Use of Atomic Energy", "On Power" and "On State Defence Order", "On the supply of products, for federal government needs "," On free economic zones "," On concession agreements "," On Industrial Safety, "and many others. These projects are developed by different departments, diverse and not docked together. And most importantly - together they legally do not cover all industrial activities. Regulatory disorder, of course, creates additional complexity in the implementation of industrial activity, prevents, among other reasons the development of entrepreneurial activity, inhibits industrial growth potential. To support the necessary areas of industrial policy can apply to our own historical experience and practice in foreign countries. In the Russian Empire before the judicial reform in 1864 was more than 150 different statutes that regulate certain aspects of the factory and handicraft industry, the first of which was published back in 1719. On this basis, established a single codified regulation - the Charter of the industry in 1887, the new edition of which appeared in 1893. The Charter consists of three books, 7 chapters, 30 chapters and 528 articles and operated until the 1917 revolution. He defined the types of manufacturing industry and craft activities, basic control factories, mills and manufactories, and monitoring of their activities by the state, order the establishment of factories, rights and responsibilities of their owners, the procedure for granting privileges and advantages to the owners of factories and plants in the implementation of advantageous to the State industrial activity, accounting for samples of industrial products, branding of products, as well as the rules of the cases of violation of industrial and commercial decisions. In separate chapters included the norms of specific industrial activities: the manufacture of gunpowder, explosives, gold and silver products, mineral oils, petroleum products and its derivatives, as well as the norms of the labor and pension legislation. In addition, Russia adopted the Mining Code, which regulated the activities of mining companies. There were other regulations and sectoral. Laws of foreign countries, regulating industrial activity sufficiently developed and extensively. In some countries, this is one piece of legislation, regulations based on the lesser legal force, in others - a system of laws, comprehensively covers the entire industrial activities. Thus, the Spanish law on the industry, passed in July 1992, established the principle of the free base of industrial production. At the same time has been set for the licensing procedure of its individual species that are dangerous to society. The law formulated for programs to promote industry, to determine the mechanism of state influence on this area. The law dealt with general issues of safety and product quality. A special section is devoted to industrial statistics and information. Set penalties for violations of the law, their application and authority of the relevant authorities. In the United States and Germany are a few dozen laws that regulate how the general issues of industrial activity and the specific problems of individual sectors: nuclear, military and mining. Thus, the state industrial policies should be based on the foregoing, to regulate all aspects of industrial activity, regardless of ownership, industries and categories of industrial facilities that we are witnessing in countries with developed economic structure and industry in particular. Based on that, by adopting appropriate legislation in Russia should be established stable legal framework for a consistent and purposeful development of this regulatory area. This is to avoid making conflicting, redundant and mutually exclusive acts. The legal regulation of certain industries or industrial activities, each with its own specific nature, can thus be carried out by special legislation. Perhaps the most important feature of the state industrial policy should be a system of government influence on industry in the dominance of market relations. It is necessary to outline the permissible limits of state intervention and its agencies in industrial activities, provide an exhaustive list of methods of state influence on it. In this regard, it is fundamentally important to securing the basic goals, principles, guidelines and a mechanism for implementing the state industrial policies, including through State programs, should specify the roles, rights and obligations of the federal government, regional authorities and local authorities in relation to the field of industrial activity. To implement the policies formulated and appropriate to establish a complete system of management of industrial activities in the field. In many regions there are already departments and committees of industry that could operate on the principle of dual subordination. If we talk about the system of controls, it is first necessary to streamline the licensing of industrial activity. The state should guarantee access to industrial information, interested persons and the right to purchase, as well as the right of citizens and public associations to obtain comprehensive and reliable information on the types and severity of industrial production, the consequences of possible accidents and how to behave with them. This right shall comply with the duty of the owner or administration of an industrial enterprise to provide the necessary information. Apart from the purely legal aspects, mostly regulating industrial activities, government industrial policy involves the production of strategic directions for the industry, the priority objectives of the development and promotion of their implementation. Naturally, the design of these priorities should be done in full accordance with the tendency of the modern era movement to knowledge production method, the remarkable computerized work stations, technology and productive forces as a whole. On this basis, a strategic industrial policy in Russia should be directed to the consistent and gradual formation of the country's businesses and industries high technologies that provide competitive production, combined with the mutually beneficial cooperative and partnership basis with all Russian regions, CIS countries and abroad. To enter the competitive level of production should be encouraged to upgrade or retooling of production, training and retraining of a large part of the managerial staff, training of workers new skills and professions, the formation and implementation of measures to develop industrial, social and market infrastructure. Competitive advantages of the scientific-industrial potential of Russia can be used to cover the maximum import and export products of processing industries industries most important aspect of industrial policy of the state is structural policy, which involves the selection of priority areas of industrial activities, sectors or industries, whose development should be primarily due to their impact on the economic situation in general. Among these areas of structural policy in Russia today should be the following: development and manufacture of advanced products, the development of the basic components of the industrial complex (the basic industry sub-sectors, enterprises and their associations, the underlying technology) and their structural reform processes (formation of large corporate structures, territorial and industrial zones with special status, the creation of small enterprises in areas which would be released as a result of reorganization and liquidation of large and medium-sized enterprises), the implementation procedures of structural reforms that conversion of excess scientific and industrial potential and phase out the structural and depressed and ecologically dangerous objects of science and production facilities. Priority of industrial activity associated with the branches forming the core of the fourth and fifth technological structures (electronics, aeronautics, automotive, industrial science in developing a technology of the XXI century) to ensure the establishment and development of technical base of national economy (machine-tool industry, electric power, instrument), producing products for the industries of infrastructure (road and utility engineering, construction materials), satisfying the immediate needs of the population (food, light and textile industry, medical industry). Thus, the central objective of industrial policy should be the preservation and development of advanced manufacturing base, forming a priority for the industry of technology, providing all other industries and production of modern techniques and materials. These production and can form the basis of development and prosperity of the Russian economy.