The influence of behaviorism on organizational behavior

The theory of learning (behaviorism) - this is a large school of psychology, presented the work of Pavlov, D. Watson and BF Skinner. The term "learning theory" is used mainly in relation to behavioral psychology. In contrast to the pedagogical concepts of learning, education and education theory of learning covers a wide range of processes of formation of individual ¬ experience, such as habituation, imprinting, the formation of the simplest conditioned reflexes, complex motor and language skills, sensory discrimination and reaction, etc. Behaviorism - leading direction of American psychology, according to which the subject of psychology is not the consciousness and behavior, understood as a combination of motor and reducible to them verbal and emotional responses - responses to the impact (incentives), the external environment. Thanks to the skills acquired by the behavior of people adapt to the environment and produces new ways of responding. Among the methods of learning can be called a conditioned reflex, the method of "trial and error" and insight. In humans, like animals, even the most basic way of learning a conditioned response. If a person is properly present a familiar and a new stimulus for him, then he will answer his conduct in the second as well as the first. Thus, Pavlovian dog to salivate at the presentation of food as well as the sound of the call. For this was enough to call earlier accompanied the appearance of food. Along with the IP Pavlov's conditioned reflex study involved an American scientist 'D. B. Watson. He applied the concept of a conditioned reflex to learning theory. D. B. Watson argued that any behavior described in terms of stimuli and responses. Stimulus can be defined as the observed change in the external environment, and response - the action of the organism in response to a stimulus. He held in his lab the next non-teaching experience: children showing a pretty white arm, and at the same time heard a terrible roar. It took a few reps to cover the children of the same horror at the appearance of a white mouse, as well as on the wild noise that accompanied this appearance. Watson believed that between certain stimuli and responses are innate connection. With the help of conditioned reflexes can be trained to form new connections between certain stimuli and responses. Being firmly convinced of the importance of the principles of teaching and learning in man, Watson said that if given a dozen healthy, susceptible children, and allow to raise in his method, he makes sure that would make any of them who wants - physician, lawyer, an artist, businessman, even a beggar or a thief, regardless of his talents, aptitudes, aspirations, opportunities, vocations and heredity. Thus, the conditioned reflex can be defined as the first type of learning based on associative connections. The man remembers and reproduces already established neyromozgovuyu link. (For example, children with a doctor often cry.) Conditioning does not change behavior, and changes only situation that calls it. The number of actions that are capable of conditioning is relatively small, but they are the reflections. Skinner has significantly expanded the classic theory of conditioned reflexes, Pavlov was created and developed by JB Watson, etc. In particular, he distinguished between two types of reaction - response, or automatic, occurring in response to certain external incentives (saliva at the sight of food, arms withdrawal from hot stove), and operantnmi that spontaneously develops the body (such as crawling baby who begins to study the world around us). Operant conditioned responses arise as a result of action - punishment or rewards. The likelihood of a particular operant response can be increased, accompanying the manifestation of what is commonly called a reward, ie, positive effects, or reduce, accompanying her that is usually considered a punishment, that is adverse impact. That's why operant response is so important in learning theory. The impact can effectively change behavior. Curiously, the operant learning lasts longer if the reward will be not constant, but the nature of Periodical. Joy Watson formulated, the object of psychology, in contrast to other theories is a behavior, not consciousness and thinking. Hence the name - from the English behavior «behavior" (behaviorism can be translated as "behavioral psychology"). Human personality in terms of behaviorism, is a set of behavioral, skills, and social instincts controlled, emotions inherent in the human. Skills are the basis of relatively stable behavior, are adapted to life situations. In turn, the change in the situation leads to the formation of new skills. Man in the concept of behaviorism is understood as a reactive, acting, being a learning programmed for certain reactions, actions and behavior. By changing the incentives and reinforcements can be programmed to the desired behavior of man. The pioneers of behaviorism, emphasized the importance of studying observable behaviors. They used a well-defined experiments to explain human behavior, the basic principle for the "stimulus - reaction", ie stimulus causes a reaction. Thus, behaviorism - the direction in psychology that explains human behavior, and that through manipulation of external stimuli can be formed in various human behaviors. Behaviorism initiated the emergence and development of various psychological and psychotherapeutic schools, such as neobiheviorizm, cognitive psychology, behavioral therapy.