The essence and the types of active banking operations

All banking transactions are transactions by which banks are placed at their disposal the resources to obtain needed revenue and to ensure its liquidity. According to the classification of active operations, as well as on the structure of assets developed different points of view. According to Bukaty VI, Lvov Yu principal active transactions are credit transactions, which is formed as a result of the loan portfolio, investment operations, which create the basis for the formation of an investment portfolio, cash and settlement operations, which are one of the essential services provided by the bank to its customers; other active operations associated with the creation of infrastructure for the successful execution of all banking transactions. Lavrushin believes that the most common active operations of banks are lending operations, as a rule, bring banks the bulk of their income. At the macroeconomic level the value of these operations is that, through them, banks turn to temporarily idle cash funds in the current, stimulating the processes of production, circulation and consumption, investment operations, in the process of committing the bank acts as an investor, investing resources in securities or acquiring law on joint economic activities, deposit operations, the appointment of the active deposit of banks' operations is to provide current and long-term reserves, the payment of funds in accounts at the Central Bank (correspondent account and reserve account), and other commercial banks, other active operations, varied in form, bring banks significant overseas income. Among the other active transactions include transactions with foreign currency and precious metals, trust, agency, trade, etc. These writers like Poliakov VP, LA Moskovkina divided active operations in investment banking, loans , taking into account (buy) commercial paper and securities transactions. PG Antonov, M. Pessel allocates the same operations as Bukaty VI and I. Lvov, ie: cash, credit, investment and other transactions. Credit transactions. Bank loan - it's economic relations, in which banks provide borrowers with funds from the condition of their return. These relationships suggest movement costs (loan capital) from the bank (lender) to the borrower (debtor) and back. Borrowers are enterprises of all forms of ownership (joint-stock companies and firms, state enterprises, private enterprises, etc.), as well as population. Returns received by the borrower the cost (debt repayment to the bank) in one entity and the economy should be the result of reproduction in the growing scale. This determines the economic role of credit and is one of the most important conditions for obtaining bank profits from lending. Debts on credits granted to the population, may be repaid by reducing the accumulation and even reduction in consumption compared with the previous period. At the same time, lending to the population growth of consumption provides, stimulates demand for goods (especially expensive durables) and depends on income levels that determine the possibility of banks profit from these transactions. Credit operations occupy the largest share in the structure of the articles of bank assets. Bank loan is associated with accumulation of temporarily free funds in the economy and providing them to the conditions of return entities. As part of the bank loan are developing certain types of loans. It depends on a number of features that characterize the purpose, security, timing, and delivery methods of repayment, objects and subjects of credit. Under the types of bank loans should be understood as some of their classification used in the banks' lending to businesses and individuals. There are many different classifications of bank loans that are based on certain criteria. The significance of the classification of bank loans is that the credit function of banks is the main economic function and how they implement their good credit functions, depends largely on the economic situation, both the banks and the customers they serve. Bank loans can be classified in accordance with the objectives of credit, types of borrowers and the functioning of investment operations. In the process of committing the bank acts as an investor, investing resources in securities or acquiring rights in joint economic activities. These operations also generate income to the bank through direct involvement in the creation of profit. The economic purpose of these operations are usually associated with long-term investment of funds directly into production. A variety of investment banks' operations is to invest in office buildings, equipment and paying the rent. These investments are carried at the expense of own capital, their purpose is to provide the environment for banking. These investments do not generate income to the bank. Cash transactions. Availability of cash assets in the required amount - the most important condition for ensuring the normal functioning of commercial banks using cash to exchange money, the return of deposits, to meet the demand for loans and cover operating expenses, including staff salaries, payment of various materials and services. Money supply depends on: the value of current liabilities of the bank; time give money to customers, payments to its own staff, business development, etc. Lack of sufficient funds may undermine the credibility of the bank. The magnitude of the effect of cash inflation. It increases the risk of depreciation of money, so they must soon put in requisition, put into profitable assets. Because of inflation will require more and more cash. Cash transactions - transactions involving the movement of cash, with the formation, placement and use of funds for various active accounts. The value of bank cash transactions from the fact that depend on them, form of cash in the economy, the ratio of funds among the various asset items, the proportion between the mass of paper, credit notes and bilonnoy (bargaining) chip. Other operations. Other active operations, varied in form, bring banks considerable income abroad. In terms of their banking practice is limited. Among other active operations include: operations with foreign currency and precious metals, trust, agency, trade, etc. The economic content of these operations is different. In some cases (purchase and sale of foreign currencies or precious metals) is the change in volume or structure of assets that can be used to satisfy claims of creditors of the bank, while in others (trust operations), the bank acts as trustee with respect to property transferred to him in control and in Third (agency transactions) - the bank acts as an intermediary, making payment transactions on behalf of its clients. References 1. Antonov, MT, MA Pessel Money, credit, and banks. M., 1995. 2. Banks and banking. / Ed. prof. Zhukov EF - M. Banks and stock exchanges, UNITY, 1997 .- 471c. 3. The money. The loan. The banks. / Ed. Lavrushina M. - M., 1998 F. Mishkin Economics of Money, banking and financial markets. M., 1999. 4. Kusa AA solvency and liquidity indicators in assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower / / Money and Credit. - 1996. - № 12.