The minimum set of food products is growing as the Moscow real estate

Cost of a minimum set of food products in Moscow in May increased by 6.1%, amounting to 2421 rubles. In St. Petersburg collection went up by 3.5% - up to 2335 rubles.

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Russia will become the "grain" power?

We have previously written about the success of our country in agriculture, particularly in the grain field. On Sunday, at the World Grain Forum in Saint Petersburg, Agriculture Minister Yelena Skrynnik said that Russia in the next 10 years could increase its share of world grain market up 20% from current 14%. Note that at present our country is the third largest exporter of wheat. Recall that last year in Russia, raised 108.1 million tons of grain. This year the grain crop will amount to 80-90 million tons, of which exports will go about 20 million tons. If in the next 10-15 years, grain production in the country to increase to 130-135 million tons, then the export will send up to 50 million tons in Central, South-East Asia and the Middle East, Southern Europe and Africa.

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In Germany, falling industrial output

According to the analytical to Bloomberg, the German industrial production in April dropped significantly - by 21.6% compared with the same month in 2008. Such a decrease of 1.6% exceeded the expectations of experts. Moreover, compared with the March figures, a slight drop - 1.9%. The main reason for this decline is the reduction in output of machinery (6.4% compared to March). Actually, the reason for the optimism of the Germans quite a bit. The country's economy will slowly come out of the recession, which is noted in the first quarter as companies in Germany are now actively reducing staff, and export volumes decreased due to a general slowdown of consumption and the global economy

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Success of the Chinese economy in 2009

If the majority of countries in 2009 - was very difficult in economic terms, the PRC, on the contrary, pleased with the world community considerable success of its economy. According to data provided today by the authorities of China, GDP growth in 2009 was 8.7% and surpassed the most optimistic forecasts. Already this year the Chinese economy overtake Japan and become the second largest - after the United States. Separately, we note that the results of the last quarter of last year China's economy has demonstrated a maximum rise in 2007 - up 10.7% over the same period in 2008. In 2009, the consumer price index showed a decline of 0.7%. In addition, retail trade turnover increased by 16.9% in December - by 17.5%! Growth in industrial production in December was 18.5% in annual terms.

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U.S. to China, most of all

According to Chinese media, the U.S. remains the most to China. By the end of November the U.S. debt to China amounted to 789.6 billion dollars, 9.3 billion less than at the end of October the same year. The second and third places among the largest U.S. lenders have settled Japan and Britain, which from October to November increased their investments in U.S. assets at $ 11.4 billion - up to 757.3 billion and 47.4 billion dollars - up to 277 5 billion Investing in our country in the U.S. Treasury up to November 2009 reached 128.1 billion dollars, up from 5.6 billion in October, Russia is now in eighth place on the indicator. It is noteworthy that historical maximum investment in Russia reached U.S. Treasuries in March - 138.4 billion dollars.

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OPEC will keep the same level of oil production in the current year

According to news agency Bloomberg has learned that OPEC will not increase oil production in 2010, has increased significantly since production of gas condensate. Also played a role increase oil production by countries outside of OPEC. Recall that in 2008, OPEC has cut production to 4.2 million barrels per day due to sharp fall in prices and decline in global demand for fuel. By January, 201o, the oil production of OPEC countries reached 29.1 million barrels a day. At present, much of OPEC spare capacity, and stocks of the OECD are high - up to 60 days in advance, but at the same time, we can not exclude the possibility of such events as the recent cold snap in the developed countries, which slightly increased the price And the other day Qatari Energy Minister Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah, said that OPEC will not increase production because the world market already saturated.

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The volume of bank deposits in 2009 increased by 1.5 trillion. rubles

The Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA) in 2009 found that individuals' funds from Russian banks increased by more than 1.5 trillion. rubles, reaching 7.5 trillion. According to deputy general director Andrei Melnikov DIA, this means brought to term deposits, as well as funds for demand accounts, card accounts and payroll individuals. It is noteworthy that almost 30% of the total growth of individuals' funds for 2009 is in December - about 450 billion rubles. For banks, this increase divided as follows: Alfa-Bank - 8.9%, Raiffeisen Bank - 7.7%, Bank of Moscow - 6.4%, Nomos Bank - 5.5%, VTB 24 - 5.9%, UniCreditBank - 4.7%, the bank "Uralsib" - 4.4%. Recall that December is traditionally provides a significant part of the annual growth of deposits, because people get 13th salary, bonuses and benefits. Also, a role made high interest rates and the tendency to conserve and save money during the crisis.

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The number of unemployed in 2009, over 6 million people

According to Rosstat, the Russian Federation, the number of unemployed in our country by December 2009 amounted to 6.173 million, an increase over the month by 42,000. Note that the increase in the number of unemployed has extended the third consecutive month after seven months of decline. The unemployment rate in Russia in December rose to 8.2% from 8.1% in November. At the same time the number of economically active population aged 15-72 years in December 2009 amounted to 75.4 million people. According to experts Rosstat decrease employment and increase in unemployment in December was due to the influence of the seasonality factor. Recall that the maximum number of unemployed to 7.1 million people were registered in February 2009. The unemployment rate averaged over the past year was 8.4% instead of 6.3% in 2008. Moreover, the lowest unemployment rate recorded in the Central Federal District -5.2% in December, and the highest - in the Southern Federal District - 11.9%.

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Russia paid off all debts of the former USSR

Today in the press service of the Russian Finance Ministry reported on the settlement of the balance of external debt liabilities of the former Soviet Union to the London Club of creditors in the amount of one million dollars. Recall that the London Club debt was a debt of the former USSR to the private commercial banks in Western Europe, USA and Japan on loans borrowed by Vnesheconombank of the USSR until 31 December 1991. Under the terms of agreements with Vnesheconombank banks - members of the London Club October 6, 1997, payable on the principal debt has been re-arranged in restructured loans Principal Notes (tools PRINs), and the liabilities for interest - in the interest-bearing bonds Interest Arrears Notes (tools IANs). The Government of the Russian Federation November 28, 1997 signed a declaration of support of Vnesheconombank in the performance of its obligations to the London Club. In 2000, with the London Club creditors agreed on the financial and legal conditions of the new restructuring, involving the exchange of obligations of Vnesheconombank (the write-off a substantial part of the debt) on sovereign Eurobonds of the Russian Federation with final maturity dates in 2010 and 2030. In 2000-2001 he was exchanged commitments to the London Club of 31.7 billion dollars (including interest) for these issues. Of operations, as noted by the Finance Ministry, was unique both in its scale - the volume of emission of highly market-based instruments (21.2 billion dollars), the number of participants (more than 400 financial institutions), the amount of debt positions (about 27 thousand) and by a grant to the Russian Federation (36.5% debt - $ 10.5 billion in principal).

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Ben Bernanke was re-elected head of the Fed

According to the materials Associated Press has learned that the U.S. Senate voted to extend powers of the chairman of the Federal Reserve System (Fed) Chairman Ben Bernanke - 70 members voted for this decision, and only 30 opposed. Back in August last year, Barack Obama has put forward Ben Bernanke as Fed chairman for a second four year term. It is noteworthy that before the vote, several senators were sharply criticized the anti-crisis manager Fed. In their view, if the Fed was fighting against the "bubble" created by real estate prices, the U.S. could have avoided the economic crisis. Recall that Bernanke led the Fed in 2006, succeeding Alan Greenspan, who was widely accused of inflating and "bubble" that, "lopnuv" has led to financial crisis.

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Fortieth World Economic Forum in Davos started

Today is the beginning of the fortieth World Economic Forum in Davos, where political and economic elite of the most developed countries will be the second year to discuss methods to combat the economic crisis. Note that the forum will visit the 2,500 participants - leaders of the world's largest companies, governments, international and nongovernmental organizations, renowned economists. Opening of the Forum will President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, which will call for tougher financial regulation. It is noteworthy that the leaders of the United States, Germany and Russia will not visit this time of Davos. Also, do not come this year in Switzerland and the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Among the representatives of big business the most famous actors will be CEO of the oil company BP, Tony Hayward, chief executive officer of Royal Dutch Shell, Peter Voser and CEO of Standard Chartered, Peter Sands. The Russian delegation was headed by Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, who will speak in the "History of the new growth", dedicated to discussion of the role of emerging markets in the world economy. In addition, Kudrin plans to talk about the post-crisis stage of economic development and to highlight the problem of attracting foreign direct investment. Among the most eminent representatives of Russian business forum will visit German Gref, the chairman of Vnesheconombank Vladimir Dmitriev, the owner of "Basic Element" Oleg Deripaska, the head of "RUSNANO" Anatoly Chubais, the owner of AFK "Sistema" Vladimir Yevtushenko, Chairman of the Board of Directors of "Troika Dialog" Ruben Vardanyan. It is noteworthy that in addition to economic, environmental and political issues and will focus on cinema - director James Cameron talk about the new cinema, which were used in "Avatar" - one of the most successful films of recent decades.

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The financial success of the company Apple

According to the financial report of well-known manufacturer of computers, software, and portable media - Device - Apple's, it follows that net profit in the first quarter of fiscal 2010 (ended December 26, 2009) amounted to 3.38 billion dollars! That's 1.12 billion dollars more than the same period in fiscal year 2009. At the same time the company's revenues reached a point at 15.68 billion dollars, while last year this figure was 11.88 billion dollars. Thus, Apple's managed to achieve excellent financial results for the period that the global economic crisis is very difficult to do.

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Achievements of "Rosoboronexport" in 2009

According to the General Director of "Rosoboronexport" Anatoly Isaikin, our country last year sold military goods to the amount of $ 7.4 billion. This is 10% greater than the volume of arms sales in 2008. Note that in the near future, Russia will continue to increase exports of military equipment and is ready to supply arms to Iraq and Afghanistan. In total, between 2001 and 2009, the volume of exports of arms "Rosoboronexport" has more than 2.4 times. Currently, the corporation supplying weapons to more than 70 countries and offers a new military equipment and technology and joint production of components and finished products. It is noteworthy that 50% of the supply of arms and military equipment was equipment for the Air Force, and the main countries-importers of Russian weapons are India, Algeria, China, Venezuela, Malaysia and Syria.

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In Russia there will be a new auto giant

Will be signed today a memorandum on establishing a joint venture between Italy's Fiat and "Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny", and in the presence of Prime Minister - Vladimir Putin. In accordance with this document provides for the establishment in Russia Centre for the production and development of cars on Fiat platforms and Chrysler. The new joint venture will build on an equal footing based on the former plant of small cars - "Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny," which is currently going to model Fiat Albea and Doblo, as well as SUVs SsangYong. This plant will produce nine models of different classes. Moreover, the production planned capacity of 500 thousand cars per year! The level of localization of production would be up to 50% and 10% of all vehicles produced will be exported to other countries. Also in our country partners venture will produce engines and transmissions. The total investment in such large-scale road project is estimated at 2.4 billion euros. The holding "Sollers" noted that the investment would involve a joint venture, but the company is also counting on support from the government in attracting long-term project funding under the subsidized interest rate. Thus, in our country in the coming years may see a strong competitor of AvtoVAZ.

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AvtoVAZ will continue to reduce staff

President of JSC "AvtoVAZ" Igor Komarov said that the company in the next two months will reduce headcount by another 5 thousand people. Against the background of increasing losses for the last quarter of 2009 and problems with suppliers and dealers of the situation is getting worse. Until the end of the first quarter of 2010, the number of workers at the plant is reduced to 72 thousand. people. Recall that in the summer of 2009 their number reached 102 000. Currently, the company solves the problem of employment of employees, not popular right now in production with two new subsidiaries - OOO "AvtoVAZ-perspective" and LLC "reformer center." They are allowed to organize the creation of more than 12 thousand new jobs for workers of AvtoVAZ. Also in 2009, In ​​2009, retired with paid leave for about 15 thousand employees, and more than 5000 persons re-registered in the transmission of social facilities in the municipal and federal jurisdiction, the company noted.

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In Russia there 999 banks

The number of Russian banks continued to decline. So, after yesterday's revocation of a license in Mikoms bank for insufficient capitalization, the number of banks operating in Russia has fallen to an ominous mark of 999 units. It is noteworthy that in recent months, reducing the Russian banking system is often initiated by the banks themselves, and at least - by the actions of the Bank of Russia on the withdrawal of licenses. In the last year of compulsory licenses have lost 44 banks that voluntarily self-destruct in - 3 banks, 12 banks have left the market as a result of joining eight other players. Since 2010 the license had been revoked in four banks, canceled one, three banks have lost their licenses as a result of accession. New, more stringent requirements for minimum capital of banks increased the market trend of consolidation of the banking business, so that in 2010, is likely to continue mergers and acquisitions of banks, as well as reducing their total number.

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Iran has discovered large deposits of oil and gas

According to Oil Minister Massoud Mir-Kazemi Iran, the country has found a new oil and gas deposits. Moreover, oil and gas reserves are estimated at $ 85 billion. In particular, a new oil field Sumar contains 475 million barrels, of which 70 million could be recovered. With the price of oil at 70 dollars per barrel, roughly the price of oil at this field will be about $ 5 billion. Halgan gas field will produce 50 million cubic meters daily for 20 years. With the price of gas at $ 0.30 per cubic meter, the cost of inventory valued at $ 80 billion. Recall that Iran - the fifth-largest oil supplier, and its gas reserves - the second largest in the world after Russia.

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Toyota's profit for the three quarters fell twice

The largest Japanese automaker - Toyota is presented to the public financial report on its activities for three quarters of the 2009-2010 fiscal year that ended on December 31. The results are very disappointing - profit before tax of Japanese auto giant has fallen by more than half - 54.3% and amounted to 1.79 billion dollars, instead of 3.91 billion dollars received for the same period of the 2008-2009 fiscal year. Even more reduced operating profit - up to 577 million dollars, while last year it reached 2.44 billion mark in sales for Toyota this time fell by 19.6% to $ 150.85 in monetary billion. compared to 16.99 trillion yen (187.49 billion dollars) a year earlier. Note that the recent troubles of the company associated with the massive recall of vehicles in the U.S. due to a faulty gas pedal, and the further decline in sales is clearly negative impact on the financial performance of the first half of 2010.

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Sberbank will receive the shares for the debts of the KLA

It is known that in the near future Sberbank may get about 7% of "United Aircraft Corporation" (UAC), instead of debt, reaching 9.3 billion rubles. Such activities are provided within the new draft program of restructuring of problem debts KLA, which would be subject to a future meeting of the board of directors of the corporation. Note that the other major shareholder of the UAC will Vnesheconombank, which has received from the federal budget 21 billion rubles for the purchase of additional shares of KLA. Currently 89.04% of shares owned by the state KLA, which at the end of 2009 contributed about 45.3 billion rubles for the capitalization of "United Aircraft Corporation." We also recall that in early 2007, the KLA has received from the Savings Bank loan to buy shares in a subsidiary of JSC "Irkut" $ 14.3 billion up to 2013.

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American bankers received record bonuses

Despite the difficult economic situation and the global financial crisis, U.S. banks are in no hurry to limit bonus payments to its senior management. For example, Morgan Stanley, from 23 billion dollars of income earned in 2009, 14.4 billion (62.6%), sent to pay their employees. This is a record share of the history of the bank earned in the year 1.35 billion dollars in profits. Insurance company AIG also "pleased" - the upcoming payment of $ 100 million bonuses 200 employees unit, which almost made her bankrupt. Note that AIG, which received 182 billion dollars from the state, has long been blacklisted regulators. The U.S. government in the autumn of 2008 had to nationalize the company, acquired 80% of its shares. Bank of America has paid compensation to the pre-crisis level of 2006. It paid off in 2009, investment bankers and brokers of $ 4 billion, or 19% of revenue. The average amount of compensation ranged from 300 to 500 thousand dollars.

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Ministry of Finance forecasts unpleasant

The forum "Russia-2010", Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin has done some very interesting predictions. Thus, he stated that the Finance Ministry raised its forecast for oil prices in 2010 from 58 to 65 dollars per barrel. Moreover, according to the IMF and World Bank, the price of oil would be even higher - $ 70-80 per barrel. But, alas, it is small cause for joy, because the revenue forecast and the budget deficit while not reviewed. Consequently, the budget deficit will remain at 6.8% of GDP. At these prices for oil, according to the minister of finance, a budget deficit - this is a very large deficit. The second unpleasant phenomenon - a rise in unemployment, which in Russia will continue after the resumption of economic growth. As we know, while reducing costs and increasing productivity will be further released to the labor force. And that's where it "make" - it is not clear. Recall that according to Rosstat, unemployment in Russia by the end of 2009 decreased to 8.2%. In December, the total number of unemployed was 6.173 million people, nearly a third of them can not find a job within a year or longer.

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Earlier this year, began to grow industrial production

Following the January 2010 increase in industrial proizvodctva in Russia amounted to 6.4%, compared to January 2008. But note that the basis for comparison is not very good, given the serious condition in which our industry was a year ago. The growth of the domestic industry on an annualized basis in January, largely due to the low base last year - in January 2009, the industry "collapsed" by 16.0% compared with January 2008. But at the same time, several things have to investments in fixed assets (up to 2.5%). It is noteworthy that Ministry of Economic Development forecast annual industrial production growth of 2.8%, although there are also more optimistic estimates - up to 5%. Note also that the inflation rate for the first month of 2010 reached a point about 2.0%. This is largely due to higher tariffs in the beginning of the year and seasonal (holiday), the demand for certain categories of goods.

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Russian banks in the Top 500 is even more

Russian banks has considerably strengthened its position in the annual ranking of the top 500 banking brands in the world, prepared by the consulting firm Brand Finance in conjunction with the magazine The Bankerpo 2009. Exceptions were VTB - which has declined slightly, and position Rosbank off from the top 500 (although in 2008 he held the 470-th place). Just note that to improve the position in the international ranking of Russian banks to help reduce the cost of U.S. banks that are hardest hit by the global financial crisis. Brand Finance analysts to determine the significance and value of banking brand, but the dynamics of the market capitalization of the bank, evaluate its financial performance for key operations. It is also a forecast for the next five years, with specific bank and its main markets, the stability of the brand, its market share and profitability. The total number of Russian banks in the ranking compared to 2008 increased from seven to nine. The ratings of the majority of Russian banks in 2009 increased. Savings for the first time entered the top 20, up from 23rd to 15th place VTB dropped from 76th to 83rd position, the Bank of Moscow rose from 217 th place in the 182-e, the bank "Revival", who was in Last year, 497-th line of the rating, up to 363rd, "Uralsib" rose in ranking from 468 th to 405 th place, the bank "Zenith" - from 459 seats in the 448-th place. The bank "Russian Standard" went immediately into the top 200, finishing the 160-th position, MDM Bank was launched with 237 seats, and Nomos Bank - to 337-th. Well, wish good luck to Russian bankers in 2010.

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Unemployment in Russia is growing rapidly

According to the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), in January the number of unemployed in our country has increased dramatically - up to 6.84 million people. As a result, the unemployment rate was 9.2%, up 1% compared with December. Number of officially registered in January this year, unemployment is 29% higher than the figures for January 2009. Note that in comparison with December 2009, the number of unemployed in absolute terms has increased by 670 thousand or 10.8%! And such a phenomenon occurs when all the cutting of the economically active population, which in January 2010 reached the mark of 74.6 million people (slightly more than 52% of the total population). At the same time in government employment offices as unemployed in January, there were 2.2 million people, of which 1.9 million people were receiving unemployment benefits.

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The Bank of Russia lowers refinancing rate to 8,5%

The Department of Foreign Relations of the Bank of Russia informed about the decision to reduce the refinancing rate to 0.25% from February 24 this year - to a level of 8.5%. Similarly, decreasing the rate on overnight loans by 0.25 percentage points - to 8.5% per annum. Dropped and the existing fixed rate on Lombard loans at 0.25% and set new ones: for a period of one calendar day - 7.5% per annum for a period of seven days - 7.5% per annum for a period of 30 calendar days - 7.5 % per annum. Fixed rates on repurchase agreements decreased by 0.25%, namely, for a period of one day - 7.5% per annum for a period of one week - 7.5% per annum for a period of one year - 8.25% per annum. In fact, reducing the refinancing rate to 0.25% in the Bank of Russia to explain the favorable dynamics of the consumer price index and the absence in the near future risks of accelerating inflation. It is noteworthy that in March will be a regular meeting of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank, which will consider the question of interest rates. It is likely that in March we are waiting for the next rate cut.

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Oil prices continue steady growth

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United States now have more of Japan

Previously, the largest U.S. creditor was China, but now the lead in this category occupied Japan. Thus, according to U.S. Treasury Secretary, in December 2009, total U.S. debt owned by Japan amounted to 768.8 billion dollars, and China - "only" 755.4 billion. The actions of these countries relative to U.S. liabilities are also different - China in December, has sold long-term and short-term bills and bonds on the U.S. Treasury $ 34 billion, and Japan, by contrast, has bought an additional - to $ 11.5 billion. Such a trend in China is alarming some U.S. analysts, as well as the U.S. administration. The last plan in 2010, next grand borrowing to finance the giant deficits the U.S. federal budget. Note that the increased interest in the Bank of Japan to the dollar and U.S. bonds, is part of the traditional policy of "weak yen," which aims to encourage Japanese exporters.

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Daimler AG lost last year more than 2.6 billion euros

German automaker Daimler AG reported on the results of operations for the year 2009. Alas, these financial statements is very disappointing. Net losses of German corporations reached the level of 2.64 billion euros, against a net profit of 1.41 billion euros in 2008. Proceeds from sales of cars fell by 19.9% ​​to 78.92 billion euros instead of 98.47 billion euros a year earlier. At the same time in the fourth quarter 2009 revenue decreased only by 11% and reached a value of 21.32 billion euros. Operating profit for the period quarter was 448 million euros, against an operating loss of 1.95 billion euros a year earlier. However, the explanations of the representatives of Daimler about the deteriorating financial performance is very typical - the economic crisis, in particular the reduction in demand for cars worldwide. Because of these losses Daimler AG management refuses to pay dividends.

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In Russia the number of unprofitable banks has doubled

The Russian banking sector in 2009 showed very mixed results. So according to the Bank of Russia, in 2009 the number of unprofitable banks increased by 2.1 times. By January 1, 2010, the volume of loans fell by 11%, or 442.2 billion and reached the level of 3.563 trillion. rubles. And for the last month of last year, Russian banks had issued loans of 0.4% or 12.7 billion rubles less. It is noteworthy that the volume of loans in rubles - 3.168 trillion. eight times the amount of credits in foreign currency, which translated into Dollar amounts to approximately 395.6 billion in overdue debt on January 1, 2010 reached 242.8 billion rubles for the year grew by 63%! In relation to the total amount of loans it was 6.8%. But some of the results in December 2009 gladdened - 938 credit institutions (88.7% of the total), made a profit. And in December the number of profitable banks increased by 7.7% (67 units). Profit of all banks in Russia this month rose by 2.1 times. At the same time the year was less profitable banks in the 112 - to 10.7%.

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"Gazprom" will soften the terms of contracts with European customers

In the near future, the Russian gas giant may alleviate the conditions of gas supplies to Europe and Turkey. Turkey is relatively simple enough - "Gazprom" to obtain permission for laying the South Stream pipeline on Turkish territory, the bottom of the Black Sea. Therefore the norms of the minimum amount of gas that must be selected user, decrease significantly to the country. Also note that last autumn, all the major contractors in Europe appealed to the leadership kotserna asking about lowering the minimum level of gas prices and bind to the spot market. Sales of "Gazprom" in Europe last year fell by 11.7% and export revenues for the first time is lower than the revenue from the domestic market and was about 40 billion to 64 billion dollars in 2008. In many ways, this situation is associated with an increased supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Africa and Asia to Europe, as well as lower spot prices. For example, in December 2009, the spot price for gas in Germany, more than 1.5 times that of the price of "Gazprom" - 174 USD per thousand cu. meters compared to 270 dollars. The greatest consumers, such as Germany, Italy, Turkey, accounting for exactly half of export sales of "Gazprom" in Europe, was asked to reduce the minimum level of gas for three to six years. And "Gazprom" have to make concessions in the coming years the minimum level of selection will be reduced from approximately 85% to 15%.

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Foreign investments in Russian economy declined significantly

According to the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) of Russia, foreign direct investment in Russia in 2009, according to preliminary estimates, fell by 38.4% - to 44.9 billion dollars. In 2008 this figure amounted to 72.9 billion dollars. Note that by the end of the last quarter of 2009, foreign direct investment in Russia amounted to 13.8 billion dollars, up 15% in the third quarter and a 16% increase from the fourth quarter of 2008 (11.9 billion dollars). Thus, in recent months, despite the annual decline, a positive tendency of growth of foreign investments. According to Vice Premier, Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, the next two to three years to restore our country, foreign direct investment to the level of 60-70 billion dollars a year.

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The U.S. and Britain may lose credit rating of the highest category of reliability

According to analysts of the international rating agency Moody's Investors Service, the U.S. and Britain came close to the loss of their credit ratings to the highest level "AAA" in the coming years, due to a significant increase in the cost of servicing their debts. And for 2012-2013, the U.S. will become the world leader for the cost of servicing the public debt. This year, the U.S. government will spend just under 7% of State Revenue for debt service, and in 2013 - already 11%, if one adheres to a conservative forecast. On worst-case U.S. spends 15% of revenues for debt service, which will lead to a lowering of credit rating to 'AA' (for a higher credit rating of the maximum cost of servicing government debt does not exceed 14% of government spending). In monetary terms, the size of the U.S. national debt in the current year reached 14.456 billion dollars - that is, about 98.1% of GDP. Britain spends on debt service 7% of revenues in 2010 and 9% - in 2013 the most likely scenario. According to the managing director of sovereign risk, Moody's Pierre Kaito, governments of these countries should as soon as possible to reduce the debt burden, while maintaining economic growth.

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Oil export duties will be reduced since March

In accordance with the government of Russia, the oil export duty in Russia since March 1 this year will fall by 6.3% - up to 253.6 dollars per ton instead of 270.7 dollars - in February. There will also be reduced duty on light - from 194.7 to 183.2 dollars per ton) and heavy oil - from 104.9 to 98.7 dollars per ton. At the same time increase the export duty on liquefied petroleum gases - 23% - up to $ 80. In addition, a resolution extends the term of zero duty on crude oil from 22 fields in eastern Siberia.

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"Severstal" increases gold mining assets

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Greece reduces costs and raises taxes

It is known that the Cabinet of Ministers of Greece, which is currently in crisis, at a meeting on measures to reduce the budget deficit of the country, decided to reduce the budget deficit in 2010 to 4.8 billion euros. And the fight with the Greek government deficit will, in particular, decreased to 30% bonus payments of civil servants and increase to 2% of value added tax - up to 21%. According to approximate calculations of experts, reducing bonuses of civil servants will receive savings of up to 0.7 billion euros, an increase in VAT to 21% of the country's budget will bring an additional 1.2 billion euros. Recall that the end of 2010 Greece's budget deficit was 12.7% of GDP and the EU requires immediate action by Greece to reduce debt and reducing the country.

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Losses "Severstal" have exceeded one billion dollars

The Company "Severstal" - one of the largest domestic producers of steel in 2009, a net loss of $ 1.037 billion, instead of net profit under international accounting standards (IAS) to 2.029 billion dollars in 2008 . With the proceeds steel giant fell last year by 41.7% - up to 13.054. Bln of dollars. And as of the end of last year, the net debt of "Severstal" was 4.278 billion dollars. However, in the final quarter of last year has been a tendency to reduce losses - for the period net loss under IFRS amounted to "only" 162 million dollars. To achieve this has been due to more favorable market conditions (prices, demand and production of steel) and measures to reduce costs. This year, the analysts of "Severstal" forecast further recovery in the petroleum sector and construction, as well as increased production and demand from the automotive and engineering industries. All this should boost sales of the company and return to profitability.

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Russia will supply nuclear fuel to Turkey's first nuclear power plant

Today, Turkish Energy Minister Taner Yildiz said the Government's plans to purchase from Russia of nuclear fuel to Turkey's first nuclear power plant to be built in the province of Mersin on the Mediterranean coast. Recall that the tender for the construction of nuclear power plant in Mersin on the Mediterranean coast of the Turkish authorities announced in September 2008. It is noteworthy that it was the sole member of the Russian-Turkish consortium of companies, "ASE", "INTER RAO UES" and Turkish Park Teknik. But because of disagreements on the construction site and the cost of electricity produced tender was canceled on November 20, although the parties continue negotiations on the joint construction of nuclear power plants. Recall that the construction of nuclear power plant in Turkey was discussed at the meeting in January of this year's visit to Russia, Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan. It was a Russian-Turkish statement on the construction of the station, which provides for the establishment of a bilateral working group to address problems associated with the project.

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Eurozone GDP fell 4.1% last year

According to the EU statistical agency Eurostat, euro-zone economy fell in 2009, more than what is previously reported. So on the basis of the past year decline in GDP of 16 countries belonging to the euro zone was 4.1%. Previously this figure was estimated at 4%. Note that in the third and fourth quarters, GDP grew by 0.4 and 0.1%, but total annualized negative. Moreover, the slowdown in the euro area in the last quarter of 2009, analysts attributed to the stagnation of the German economy, and a new reduction of the Italian GDP. Currently in Europe, domestic demand is not growing, and the basis for growth is the increase in exports. And against the backdrop of severe crisis in Greece and problems in other countries - EU member states in the near future significant positive changes are expected.

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Russia's trade surplus ever larger by 70%

Note that the trade surplus means the excess of exports over imports. Since Russia's exports in January amounted to 25.4 billion dollars, 42.6% more than during the same period last year. Its basis is traditionally made up the fuel and energy products, whose share reached 74.9%. Russia imports for January 2010 totaled 9.6 billion dollars, an increase of 11%. And up to 41% in its structure consists of machines and equipment.

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Export duty on Russian oil will raise with the first of April

Experts say oil and gas market, the export duty on crude oil in Russia, from April 2010 could increase by 6% to reach $ 268.9 in dollars per ton. Moreover, the duty on light petroleum products will be 193.5, while the dark - 104.2 dollars per ton. Note that these calculations were obtained from the data monitoring in oil prices, based on the provisions of the Law on Customs Tariff. Representative of the Ministry of Finance Alexander Sakovich reported that monitoring data from February 15 to March 14, the average oil price was 75.52 dollars per barrel.

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Strikes in Greece intensified

Greece is experiencing severe economic and now social and political crisis. Today, the airspace over the country was closed due to the second general strike, which conducted the trade unions in protest against government measures to reduce labor costs and the social sphere. The strike was organized at the call of the two largest trade unions of the country - private sector employees and employees of the public sector. They are almost 5.5 million. As a result, the country is now closed airports and railway stations, and schools and hospitals will not work during the day. And the strikers, who take to the streets, should join the police, firefighters and customs. The protesters oppose the Government's measures for fiscal austerity in connection with the current crisis in the country. It is noteworthy that the representatives of the Greek government announced that empathize with people in connection with higher taxes and reduced wages, but the authorities can not refuse to take decisions aimed at reducing the budget deficit.

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"Wimm-Bill-Dann" has increased net profit by several times

According to a published report, one of the largest food companies, "Wimm-Bill-Dann", its net profit increased by almost 2.7 times and amounted to 33.7 million dollars in the first quarter of this year. Gross profit "Wimm-Bill-Dann" has increased over this period, only 2.3% - up to 172 million dollars. Revenues amounted to 615.3 million dollars - a 19.1% increase over first quarter 2009. Note that the growth in revenues and profits associated with growth in demand for the company's products and the strengthening of the ruble. Our citizens have to drink more juice, which is very pleasing and good for health. Recall that "Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods" has been producing dairy products, juices, mineral water and baby food. The company has 37 manufacturing facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and Central Asian states.

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Rushed up the dollar exchange rate

The U.S. currency on Monday dealt a severe blow to the ruble. Since the U.S. dollar to British pound in trading the MICEX unified trading session at 11:30 am Moscow time, on which a process of exchange rate dollar a day, increased by 71.13 kopecks to $ 31.7798 rubles. This is another maximum in the last three quarters. Euro, despite the clouds gathering over them, also rose slightly - to 6.46 cent - to a point at 37.9116 rubles. As a result of simultaneous appreciation of the dollar and the euro, the ruble has dropped significantly to the basket. Its price has risen by 42 cent and amounted to 34.54 rubles. At the same time on the international Forex market after the euro depreciates negative news, show a higher risk of further expansion of the European debt crisis.

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Debt obligations of the United States reached a new record

According to the U.S. Treasury, foreign debt reached a record $ 13 trillion and accounts for 90% of GDP. Remarkably, only in the last decade it has increased three-fold. And for two presidential terms of George W. Bush, it rose by 4.9 trillion dollars, during the reign of Barack Obama, January 2009 - another 2.4 trillion dollars. Also according to the U.S. Treasury, federal budget deficit in April 2010 amounted to 82.69 billion dollars, compared with 20.9 billion a year earlier. Recall that in the beginning of April the head of the U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said that the budget deficit threatens U.S. economic recovery and must be taken to its rapid decline.

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"Gazprom" and "Rosneft" plans to get some fields out of the competition

According to the Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia Sergey Donskoy "Gazprom" and the state of NK "Rosneft" in the current year plan to get to the non-competitive basis up to 14 offshore oil and gas. In particular, "Rosneft" filed in the Federal Subsoil Resources Management Agency of the application fields of 5-6, and "Gazprom" - 7-8 fields. Currently, the agency conducted an analysis of these applications and, most likely, they will be accepted. Recall that in the beginning of the month it was reported that "Rosneft" won the competition without a license for exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the area of ​​the shelf off Sakhalin Island. It is noteworthy that the Russian law on offshore fields can claim only state-owned companies with experience in offshore development. And these are only two companies - "Gazprom" and "Rosneft".

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Salaries of officials - high value and the actual decline

Federal State Statistics Service reported on the number and salaries of civil and municipal servants at the regional level for 2009. The results are quite good. Judge - the average salary of civil servants of the executive authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation at the end of 2009 amounted to 34.4 thousand rubles, an increase of 4.4% per year in nominal terms. This is more than 14 000 more than in the average salary in the country (which is sometimes also raises doubts about its objectivity.) Moreover, in the Nenets Autonomous District in 2009, the average salary of officers reached the mark in the 109 500 rubles. In Moscow, the average salary of officers was 45.2 thousand rubles, down 9.3%. St. Petersburg officials earned an average of 49.3 thousand rubles per year received a real increase of 0.5%, and in the Leningrad region - 46,0 thousand rubles, with their salaries adjusted for inflation fell by 7.1%. It is noteworthy that all the regional bodies of executive power at the end of 2009 employed 222.3 thousand people - from 795.3 thousand, all regional and municipal officials. With about 38% of regional officials were paid more than 35 thousand rubles, and 20% - from 30 thousand to 35 thousand rubles. Thus, despite a slight decline in income of officials answer to the question "Who Lives Well in Russia?", As applied to various areas of work, it is quite obvious.

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Packing

Packaging - is: 1) a packaging material which is placed in the product. It is intended to preserve the properties of the goods after their manufacture, as well as enhancing the compactness of the load for easy transportation, 2) design and manufacture of a container or wrapper for the goods, and 3) the most important advertising medium.

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Factoring

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Services

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Underbidding

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The deal

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Accounting

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Statistical process control

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Balances

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Damage

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Usurper

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Urbanization

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Loss

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Production area

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Management of foreign operations

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Meeting the demand

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The Syndicate

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Insurance Company

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Jokes about traders and brokers. Part two

A trader came to palmists: - You're defining the future of the lines? - Yes, of course, define: past, present and future. - Well, - said the trader, and laid before him a stack of printouts stock charts. ***** Stockbroker asked to tell what the essence of the exchange game. - Imagine - he says - that you buy a pair of rabbits and planting them in the same cage. After a while, you have six rabbits. You buy more cage and transplant them back. Even after a while you have these rabbits was twenty. You buying more rabbits, and soon you will become more of a hundred. - How easy! - Surprised the source. - Yeah ... Then suddenly a flood, and all your rabbits were killed and you tormented from morning to night with the thought: - Damn, why I have not bought mirror carp! ***** In addition to the fire and moving water is another thing that people can watch endlessly - it's price change on the chart. ***** All the people are divided into two categories: first do not know what Forex and the latter do not like him. ***** Broker - someone who is always ready, willing and able to pull your money for their fees. ***** An investor asks his financial advisor: - For all my money gone? All gone to the penny? - Why is lost? Simply, they now belong to someone else. ***** There are two girlfriends, wives of traders: - My constantly mutters in his sleep 70-80, 70-80, 70-80 ...... What should I do? - And his will prompt "Sell" or "Buy", - he was silent. My husband again rattled in his sleep "70-80, 70-80, 70-80 ...", and his wife to him - Vuy! - Taking!!! Fresh!!! 80-90, 80-90, 80-90 ... ***** Production meeting after meeting of shareholders. Performs Director: Gentlemen Our shareholders are stupid, incoherent and extremely arrogant people. Stupid - because we have invested in the money. Inconsistent - because they no longer want to do this. And the top arrogance, in my opinion, now that we are already in severe financial hardship, to demand back the money invested ... ***** Technical analysis - the art of drawing curves on the basis of unproven assertions to support predetermined conclusions. ***** A trader in a barbershop. The barber asks: - Well, how's the situation on the stock market? Trader: - normalized. After a while the barber asks again: - Well, how's the situation on the stock market? Trader: - normalized. After another 5 minutes, the situation is repeated. Finally, the trader does not stand up and wondered why he keeps asking the same thing. Hairdresser: - Because of the issue you have hair stand on end, to cut comfortably.

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Jokes about economists. Part two

How many economists need to replace a light bulb? - No, because, look, it becomes lighter. Specifically, it becomes lighter. - Not one. The darkness will cause the light bulb that is replaced by itself. - Not one. If you want to replace it, then market forces have already done so. - Not one. If the government would leave it as is, then she screwed herself. - There is no need to change it. All terms and conditions for coverage set up. - No, everyone is waiting for the invisible hand of the market, which will correct imbalances in the coverage. **** It is said that the first economist was Columbus. When he went to discover America, he did not know what's going. When he reached her, he did not know where he was. And all this he did in public funds. **** Darren bill at face value do not look! **** Is not so terrible as a creditor of his claim. **** Only a Russian could rest on the work to do on vacation. **** Consulting agency has opened an office in the village. Comes to them and the farmer said: - What do I do my chickens are dying? - Do you feed them? - Yes. Wheat. - And you sunflower wheat. A week later comes again: - I wheat sunflower, and they still die. - And you poite them? - Yes. With water. - Do you sweeten the water. Farmer comes to them a third time: - I add some salt wheat, water, sweetened, and all chickens have died. - All - all? It's a pity. We still have a lot of tips for you. **** Accountant reads the tale of the four daughters of Cinderella. Girl fascinated with history, especially that part where the pumpkin turns into a golden carriage. Suddenly, she asks, "Daddy, that's when the pumpkin turned into a golden carriage, it is classified as income or as an increase in property value?" **** The economy - the only area in which two people can get a Nobel Prize for exactly the opposite statement.

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Jokes about bankers

A bank worker calls the other: - Hey - Hey - How are you? - Well - Oh, sorry, do not get there in a large pot system takes the chief accountant. The composition of certification committee made up of leading experts, analysts, auditors, etc. Passing each, a few of the contestants get to the last stage - the main founder of the bank. And he asks only one question "How much is two plus two?" Those who answer "4" negative waves head. Suitable another contestant, and the duty question is answered: "44." Founder: "Wow! Well, to sense why? "Contestant:" Twenty-you, twenty-I, and four to the cashier. In the office must be order. "If the bank kicks you out of debt, it kollektorstvo. If you knock out their money from the banker, it's extortion. A man came to the bank and wrote a letter to a credit card. In the application form to the card he wrote the code :...." KRIVEDKO word. "Manager to execute documents on the plastic before you give him a card, inscribed in pencil on the envelope" Ya Credit Card! "Large Bank. Time - 18.00, all employees sit working. One of the officers off the computer , puts on his jacket, takes the briefcase and left. All escorted his disapproving gaze. Next day. At 18.00 the same officer turns off the computer, puts on his jacket, takes the briefcase and left. All continue to work and begin to whisper dissatisfied Next day ... At 18.00 the same employee turns off the computer, puts on his jacket, takes a portfolio and then flies up to him a colleague. - John, are not you ashamed, we're sitting work, the end of the quarter, as many reports, we also want to home in time and you're such an individual farmer ... - Guys, yes I did a LEAVE! Chief Accountant sits at the table. Before him two glasses, one with red wine, the other white. drink white - then drink as much red. And again: sip of white - sip red. He asked : - What are you doing? Why red white drink? He replied: - reverses: If a person lives for others, he or crook, or lazy, if he lives well for others, it is a banker or a deputy. If you owe the bank 100 dollars - this is your problem. If you owe the bank a million dollars, it's a problem bank. There are two janitor. One long look at another and says: - You have such a person familiar ... which bank you used to work? Are the killepy, As usual, in the stairwell, waiting ochepednogo bankipa. Hour stand, two tris. Bankipa not. And then one does not vydepzhivaet and govopit: "I'm beginning to pepezhivat can with what happened?" In a country crisis, money, banks do not ! - And where did they go? - given to the organization, the factories. - And the organization? - of - the people. - And the people? - People - Shopping, stalls and kiosks. - And the shops? - From the shopping taken collectors and taken to the banks . - If the stores - the banks, where is the money? man comes to the bank for advice: - I want to start a small business. What do I do? - Buy a big business and wait. The call to the bank: - You give credit to patients psychoneurological dispensary? - Dai, but a crazy rate ...

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Jokes about traders and brokers. Part one

Two stock broker: - So far, I can not sleep after the crisis. - I sleep like a baby. - Do not be! - Yes, every time I wake up and cry! ***** Bartender Broker: - Another 100 grams of investments, and I - real estate! ***** There are two traders, one asks the other: - You do one, a bull or bear? The second looked at him with sad eyes and said: - Yes kid, I kid ... ***** An experienced trader teaches beginner: - Remember, opening the position, an intelligent man is always in all his doubts. Dupak only be fully uvepennym in something. - You uvepeny this, Master? - Absolutely. ***** Go to work two weary trader after a busy day. One another, "Hey, so Metro is already closed". - "Yeah, but at what price?" ***** Exchange. Top views of the room - the room. Three broker. The two are worn, three telephone handset in their hands, shouting: "Bring to two! Take it! Take off ten and give up! Four down !..." One, dreamily looking out the window: - Snow falls ... Second pause ... - Sell! ***** Announcement: We take to the trader's work, gender and age do not matter, salaries - very high, free work schedule, holidays - anywhere in the world, at any time. Condition: buy cheaper and sell - more expensive. ***** Traders crossword puzzles: - fallen creature, five letters, the last - soft sign? - The ruble! ***** It takes an investment fund manager at the airport customs. Comes to his turn, well, he gets the documents gives them the customs officer. The customs officer examines them carefully, and then asks: Where did the profits? Manager says: Well, what profit? Some losses! ***** Earn Forex: $ 500 - normally. $ 1,000 - well. $ 5,000 - excellent. $ 20 000 - well, is not bad ... ***** Sit two young and experienced trader. Young: - Do you think the market will go where? Experienced: - Up or down - I do not know, but I know that right. ***** There are two friends. One Fingal half-face and arm in a cast. - What is it? - Yes, one trader at korporativku called, well, I'm toast, and said-I said? - "Three elk," said ... ***** Trader invited his neighbors to dinner. During dinner, he asked what they do for a living. Seven year old Misha jumps up and shouts joyfully: - My dad - a cool fisherman! - Misha, why do you call a fisherman dad, he's the broker? - Every time we come to work for him, we see the same picture. Dad on the phone, and when hangs up, then laughs, rubs his hands together and saying: "Well, I caught another fish! ***** I do if trading? - Asked how a novice from an experienced trader. Take care, - he answered. - If it comes - will become a rich man, and if it does not lose everything - a philosopher. ***** The specific work on Forex: when the "money makes money" traders are close to the candles.

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Jokes about traders and brokers. Part Three

The priest died and was in line in front of the Gate of Paradise. Before him stands a man in the queue in sunglasses, a bright shirt, leather jacket and jeans. St. Peter asks the man: "Tell me who you were in life, so I can decide whether to let you into the kingdom of God?". The man replies: "I'm Joe Cohen, a broker on the Stock Exchange in New York. "Saint Peter consults with his list. Then he smiles and says the broker," Take this silken robe and golden staff and come to the Gates of Paradise. Broker goes off and the turn of the priest. He rises to his full height and blurts out: "I am Joseph Snow, pastor of the church of St. Mary in the last 43 years." Saint Peter consults his list with the priest and said, "Take this cotton robe and wooden staff and the entrance to the Gates of Paradise." "Wait, - said the priest - the man before me was a broker, and he received a silk robe and golden staff but I, a priest, was only cotton clothing and wooden staff? How is that possible?". ***** "We reward depending on the result, - meets St. Peter. - When you read his sermons, the people fall asleep, but as soon as people became his clients, they began to pray unceasingly to God!" *****-Hooray! Guessed the entry point ... -... Oh, that's just wrong with the direction. ***** Bury the trader, who died at work from a heart attack. The procession goes coworkers, and one of them says to another: "But if pokoynichek for ten minutes longer lived, as if to stop-loss has run." ***** The phrases most often prior to the collapse of the currency or the stock market: analysts all at once can not be wrong! Share prices have finally reached a level that they are unlikely to pierce, as there awaits them a very strong support. Let's hope that tomorrow the situation is corrected. At least that is worse can not be! I am confident that we have reached the bottom. Most likely, this is just a correction. This method of analysis always works. No need to panic! ***** Exchange - long-range gun ... Not even see who you ***** robbed trader broker on the phone: - Do not cover me for margin-Cola. I am informed the money, wait. I am a former broker. - Broker: No, no. Adjourn without fail. I myself - a former trader. ***** Unemployed broker, trading in the market potatoes, always easy to find - it has two prices: the purchase and sale of ... ***** - Daddy, I want to be a trader. - Over my dead body. - Well, in general, I have merged the 100 pieces in stock ... ***** Three stock analyst on the hunt. See big deer. One takes aim, shoots, misses - a meter to the left. Second - aims, shoots, did not get - right on the meter. A third analyst, not firing: - Well, on the average - we killed him!

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Courier

Courier (Fr. courrier - runner from Lat. Currere - run, to move quickly) - a person or company involved in delivery of messages, letters and other correspondence, as well as items of various types and sizes. Currently, there are many companies that provide express delivery services to quickly and accurately.

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Transport of goods

Transportation of goods - in general, this phrase referred to the process of moving large, valuable, fragile, and other objects in the specified location with the help of various kinds of vehicles from the sender to the recipient. There are different types of cargo. They are usually carried out by road, air, rail or water transport. The demand for freight transport occurs every time you need to deliver any goods from one place to another. This can be as banal moving things out of old apartments in a new and highly complex professional transportation of goods. Note that in our day shipping are very promising and rapidly growing type of service. Each month the number of firms involved in them is increasing. Particularly strong growth in construction trucking show. This is due to the fact that construction companies are gradually recovering from the crisis and increasing the volume of construction of new facilities. Moreover, this trend will only intensify in the coming years.

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Jokes about traders and brokers. Part Four

Portfolio investor - is a failed trader. A strategic investor - a failed portfolio investor. *** October. This - one of the mystically dangerous months for speculation. Others - July, January, September, April, November, May, March, June, December, August and February. (Mark Twain) *** trader is in a fever. The doctor tells him: "You have the temperature of 37.5" An hour later, "It is 38!" An hour later: "38 and a half!" The trader, barely moving his lips: "There will be 39 - to sell!" *** - What are the similarities between the sperm and traders? - And those and others come to work, millions, and only a few survive and abound in the sales room ***** the Nasdaq conducted a brisk trade. Brokers vying shouted the names and prices of the shares. In one of the electronic scoreboard was a solid trader, studying price and volume of shares IBM. "Buy a voucher" - suddenly he cried out, a habit born in the 90s are sometimes made itself felt on the street two ***** trader. Passes by a pretty girl, they noticed it, they say, Vauuu ... You see what a schedule! Yes, you're at a bar, look at the bar! -Yeah ... I would have gone to Long! -I would zashortil .... ***** Sociologists noted that lifting the carpet thread that does not suck cmog vacuum cleaner, two-e of 3 traders throw it back to give the vacuum cleaner one more chance. ***** Once, when I got home, I met my wife, dressed in sexy underwear. She gave me two pitches and said erotic voice: - Contact me and do whatever you want! I tied her up, grabbed a beer, vlkyuchil MT4 ... And trade .. TRADE !!!!!! ***** "The joke, which reveals the essence of the stock of games: 1. Faraway village came to a player," buy local monkeys to 10 pesos / pc. "Monkeys around the sea, all primates rent for retail and wholesale at 10 pesos. 2. Monkeys became less, then the player said that raises the price to 20. Villagers tensed caught last brought, deposited on 20. The most recent took over 25. 3. And then announced that he wanted more, and already 50! But the left and left for a manager. 4. Manager said: "Let us so quietly I rent you these monkeys back to 35, and when the boss comes, you have them to him on 50 ..." The people are happy to freebies such - nazanimal a lot of money and bought all the monkeys back to 35. 5. The next day the manager was gone after the boss, and the villagers were left without money, with huge debts, but with monkeys. "

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Price discrimination

Price discrimination - is the establishment of different prices for the same product, provided that the price differences are not associated with different costs. It can be: 1) the first kind (perfect CD) - the practice of charging fees to each customer equal to its subjective value, that is the maximum price that a buyer is willing to pay. 2) The second kind - the price change, depending on consumption. Applies in the case where the manufacturer is no information about each customer, but there is information about groups of consumers. In this case the seller sets the number of tariffs, and the buyer chooses the appropriate rate him. In setting rates for seller is to take the maximum of the consumer surplus. 3) The third kind - is selling the same product to different categories of consumers at different prices. For example, discounts for pensioners and students.

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Of free trade

Free trade (from the English. Free trade - "free trade") - this is the direction in economic theory, policy and business practices that proclaims freedom of trade and non-interference in private business sectors of society. In practice, freedom of trade usually means the absence of high export and import duties, as well as non-monetary trade restrictions such as quotas on imports of certain goods and subsidies to domestic producers of certain commodities. Proponents of free trade are the liberal parties and currents; the enemies are many left-wing parties and movements (socialists and communists), and defenders of human rights and the environment, the trade unions.

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An economic system

Economic System - a combination of all the economic processes taking place in society on the basis of prevailing in its property relations and the economic mechanism. In any economic system, the primary role played by manufacturing in conjunction with the distribution, exchange and consumption. All economic systems are required for the production of economic resources, and results of operations are distributed, exchanged and consumed. At the same time in the economic systems are also elements that distinguish them from each other: the socio-economic relations, organizational and legal forms of business, the economic mechanism, the system of incentives and motivations of participants; economic ties between enterprises and organizations.

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Mortgage

Mortgage - is a form of collateral, where the pledged property remains the property of the debtor and the creditor in case of default of its obligation to the latter acquires the right to obtain satisfaction through the implementation of the property. We must distinguish the concept of mortgages and mortgage lending, in which the bank loan is secured by real estate. Mortgage Loans - one component of the mortgage system. When you receive a credit for the purchase of real property acquired by the real estate itself comes in a mortgage (pledge) to the bank as a guarantee of repayment. Mortgage is also a pledge of an existing real estate owners to get them a loan or a loan, which will be directed to either repair or construction, or for other needs at the discretion of the borrower-mortgagor. In case of default of the principal obligation, penalty appeals only to the mortgaged property and the mortgagee has a preferential right to satisfaction of their claims to other creditors of the debtor. In recent years, is becoming more popular refinancing mortgages, sometimes as high interest rates have become too big a load, especially if the person have some form of major changes to the level of earnings. However, the term "mortgage" first appeared in Greece in the beginning of the VI. BCE. Oe. The ancient Greeks designated as a form of liability of the debtor to the creditor of his land. At the boundary of the land the borrower put a post with an inscription that said that this land secured debt. This post and was called "mortgage", translated from Greek - "prop", "Stand."

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Trading

Trading (from the English. «Trade» - "trade to trade") - is to work directly trader consists in trading various financial instruments in the market Forex. Among these tools can be a variety of currency pairs, futures, options, gold and oil - any asset that offers the selected trader broker. Like any other type of trading, trading in the forex involves making a profit from the deal. That is, a trader, through their experience and knowledge, anticipates the movement of the market and buy assets cheaply, and sell more when they rise in price.

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Day trader

Day trader (day trader) - trader who makes a transaction within a single trading day (one trading session), will close all positions before closing the trading day (general trading). Usually has a small capital. Closing of positions usually motivated fear gaps ("gap" between the previous closing price and opening price of the new trading day).

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Perfect competition

Perfect competition - a state of the market in which there are a large number of buyers and sellers (producers), each of which occupies a relatively small market share and can not dictate terms of sale and purchase of goods. Assumes the existence of relevant and available information on prices, their dynamics, buyers and sellers not only in this place, but also in other regions and cities. The market of perfect competition implies a lack of power over the market and manufacturer pricing is not the manufacturer, and a function of supply and demand.

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Operations in the money market

Money Market - a set of operations on placing free or raise the remaining funds for various periods (from one day to one year) under a certain percentage, serving short-term liquidity of the bank or company and the employees of the purposes of profit.

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Current trends in international economic relations

The main trend of international economic relations are the processes of integration. The concept of integration means the interpenetration of the individual national economies, coordination of actions of governments in economic policy, the interests of all involved in the integration process of the parties, as well as in relation to third countries. Integration is provided by the concentration and interlocking capital. Integration processes are regional in nature, take the form of associations to achieve common economic objectives. Originally created for the integration associations in the abolition of customs barriers in mutual trade among the member countries, ie, a so-called "free zones". More complex forms were sent by the organization of customs unions, which involve the free movement of goods and services within the group ¬ meadow and the use of customs tariffs (import taxes) in relation to third countries. Creating a common market due to the elimination of barriers between countries, not only in trade but also when moving work ¬ labor force and capital. The highest form of manifestation of the integration of association is an economic union, which is holding the participating States of measures of interstate regulation of socio-economic processes in the region. The biggest cross-country integration of maturity reached in the European Economic Community (EEC), established in 1957, which was transformed into the European Union. Currently in the EU resolved problems of free movement of goods, services and labor, as well as create a single regulatory and legislative bodies, a unified monetary system. US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement, signed in 1989, contains several provisions that are the real steps to create the North American common economic space. Common market established in Southeast Asia, the Arab world, Africa and Central America. Regional consolidation does not rule out the contradictions within the individual groups and between them. However, the present stage is characterized by a tendency to strengthen inter-regional integration processes. An example is the rapidly developing economic cooperation between North American and Asia-Pacific region, it is possible to connect Japan to the US-Canada integration. Transnationalization - this interstate integration, implemented by private firms. Organizational embodiment of the international relations of private capital received in the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). Transnational structures combine national economy is not on a geographic basis (common border), and based on the reproduction of deep connections. Distinguish between multinational corporations that are national trusts and corporations that have substantial foreign assets (investments), and the actual inter-company alliances that have arisen on the basis of association, the merger of private capital. If the first form of TNCs national capital and control, but is international in scope of its activities, the second is inherent in the international dispersion of share capital and the multinational composition of the nucleus of the trust or the group, became its institutional embodiment.

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Community service economy and its underlying principles

The economy is divided into two fundamentally different types. She can teach both the individual entrepreneur or structure to fill their own pockets without regard to social welfare, and may put at the forefront of the formation of a decent life for most residents, strengthen and develop their genetics. In the latter case, the distinction between economy in the whole spectrum of society's needs, the degradation due to parasitic and demographic components. The first of these is not predictable in principle, due to the depravity of individuals, distortions and lack of sense of proportion. Satisfaction of these needs leads to the oppression of the individual and the genetics of his family or the people around him and the biosphere as a habitat. As for the biosphere caused a demographically valid needs, they firmly and unambiguously related to the size and age structure of living, and therefore precisely planned and predictable. Western attempts to explore the economic processes in line with the "pure science" out of sociology, politics and morality led to the formation of social science, "Economics." American textbooks and encyclopedias we define it as the science of using limited resources in order to meet the material needs of society unrestricted, which can not be predicted. In contrast to these pointless studies (Bring it, I do not know that) in the public benefit the economy through exactly fixed due to demographic needs is uniquely determined by the vector (list) the objectives of government. Meet other purposes is not blocked by administrative diktat, but is derived from the category of public issues in the list of problems some perverse individuals. Fixing the vector targets socially useful control allows you to navigate to the formation of the balance of production and development of each political subdivision (Federal District, region, district), both in kind and in the financial accounting products. Mathematically, this balance is described by a system of linear equations that reflect the processes of products for each of the branches with all the other sectors and with the resident population. The meaning of search optimization solutions of this system of equations is reduced to ensure that each of the industries to produce products as much as it should for all other related industries (intermediate, raw materials, components) and for the direct satisfaction of demographically-related needs. Since the latter is strictly fixed, then the system has a solution, unlike the case of "bigger is better." During this task taxes and subsidies are calculated as a rigorous mathematical correction factors for the products produced in excess (local taxes) and the products produced in the lack of (local grants). It is this reduced the possibility of purposeful state regulation of market economy. Plan and market in a reasonable state never opposed to each other, but rather are interrelated elements of a unified economic mechanism.

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The concept and structure of the global economy

The modern world is characterized by the intensification of the social development of relations and cooperation between countries. The trend toward unification caused by the need decision facing the world of global challenges, such as the threat of nuclear holocaust, environmental issues, health and space. But the deepest foundation to strengthen the integrity of the world is the growing interdependence of nations in the economic sphere. No country can claim to full development, unless drawn into the system of world economic relations. In general, the emergence of the global economy objectively defined laws governing the development of production and the international division of labor, total involvement in the process of reproduction of all new countries, the transformation of world trade in one of the most important factors of economic growth, meeting the needs of national economies and populations in a variety of products and services. The world economy is a complex system that includes many of its constituent elements. The basis of this system form the international framework and the limited domestic production of certain material and spiritual values, their distribution, exchange and consumption. Each of these phases of the reproductive process of the world both globally and within individual states, depending on their location and the proportion of overall impact on the functioning of the entire global economic system. In this connection it is necessary to define the term "global economy". The world economy - is a combination of different trends, factors and means of trade - economic, monetary - financial, industrial and scientific - technical cooperation between countries. In the development of the modern world economy and its involvement in national economies are several periods. First period - is 20 - 30th years of the twentieth century, characterized by the crisis in the development of world economy. First, the revolution in Russia and the change of political system led to the temporary exit from the Russian system of world economic relations. Also occurred deep socio - economic crisis of the world economy associated with the effects of the First World War, "The Great Depression" in the U.S.. The second period of the world economy - the end of the 40s - 80s of the twentieth century - is characterized by rapid growth of export business capital of the world economy. During this time, the growth of foreign production has a major impact on organizational - economic parameters of the global economy. Major role in industrial relations have become TNCs, which formed the international industrial complexes, including the creation of products and their implementation, the calculations lending. The third period extends from the 90s of the twentieth century to the present. It is characterized by an increase in degree of development of geographical space, the formation of international production forces, increased economic interaction and interdependence, integration processes.

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Protectionism

Protectionism - a policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition through certain restrictions, such as the introduction of import and export duties, subsidies and other measures. On the one hand, it contributes to the development of national production. In economic theory, the protectionist doctrine is the opposite doctrine of free trade - free trade. Supporters of free trade protectionism criticized from the standpoint of growth of national output, employment and population dynamics. Opponents criticized the protectionism it from the standpoint of freedom of enterprise and consumer protection.

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A market economy

The market economy - an economy based on the principles of free enterprise, diversity of ownership of the means of production, market pricing, contractual relationships between entities, limited state intervention in economic activity. It is also a form of economic organization in which coordination is based on the interaction of free markets and free private producers of individual consumers.

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The traditional economy

Traditional economy - this is such an economic system in which the traditions and customs shaped the practice of using limited resources. The main economic problems of society - what, how and for whom to produce - are solved, mainly based on traditional tribal or semi-feudal hierarchical relationships between people. For the traditional economy is characterized by subsistence farming. The distinctive features of traditional economy:

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The index of consumer confidence

Consumer Confidence Index (Consumer Confidence) - is a measure of expectations (mood) of consumers, the survey of households designed to assess individual propensity for spending. It consists of two subindexes - consumers assessment of current conditions and expectations about the future (60% of the total weight of the index).

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The GDP deflator

The GDP deflator - the figure is an alternative measure of consumer price index (CPI) for the detection of inflationary pressures in the economy. Its advantage over the CPI in that it relies not on the basis of a fixed basket of goods and services and thus allows to monitor any changes due to changes in consumer preferences, as well as the emergence of new products and services. Its growth entails higher interest rates.

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Global market and international division of labor

Global economic ties originate in world trade, which has grown from a single trade transactions to long-term large-scale economic and trade cooperation. Originating at the manufacturing stage of development of social production (XVI century), the world market actively formed under the influence of the movement of merchant capital, both economically and politically established in the majority of European countries. Specificity of the later stages of development of the world market is associated with the industrial revolution XVIII-XIX centuries., Attaches great dependence of heavy industry from the international exchange. The final stage of formation of the global market, which is about the end of XIX - early XX century, meant the growth of international trade, changes in the structure of trade flows, leading to mutual entanglement of national economies. The world market is derived from the domestic market. However, he has an active reaction on the macroeconomic equilibrium of separate economic systems. Segments of the global market is defined as the traditional factors of production - land, labor and capital, and relatively new - information technology and entrepreneurship, the importance of which increases under the influence of modern scientific and technological revolution. Markets for goods and services, capital and labor, formed at the supranational level, result from the interaction of world demand, world prices and world supply, are influenced by cyclical fluctuations, operating under monopoly and competition. The maturity of world economic relations is determined by the rate of growth of trade and material production. On developments in international economic relations, according to data on the structure of the commodity, the specific weight of transactions conducted in the labor market and capital market, the dynamics of world prices, directions of movement of goods, services and capital. Analysis of the extent of imported goods (import) and out of the country's industrial products, resources and investment (exports), taken in terms of money, is used for compiling the balance of costs and revenues of the state, called the balance of payments. "Openness" of the economy, the extent of its involvement in the world economy can be estimated on the basis of calculation of indicators export quota and the volume of exports per capita. The export quota equal to the ratio of exports to the value of the gross national product (GNP). An important place in explaining patterns of international economic relations is the mobility of factors of production, due to improvement of the productive forces of society, the processes of the international division of labor. The world market took shape as the integrity of the beginning of XX century. Before the machine stage international division of labor based on its natural basis - the difference of climatic conditions in the country, geographical location, resources and energy. Therefore, the economic relations between countries were mainly focused on the exchange of products, which are not produced in this or other countries.

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Features of the internationalization of the economy and transnational corporations

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The market economy and a bluff on the social utility of self-regulation of the market

As to it not to rot, gentlemen,

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Agricultural production: the ruin and the path to prosperity

Agricultural production - is unique in its kind industry. All other industries are essentially consuming, they are only able to transfer a substance from one state to another, for example, ore - metal - car and crops - wheat - bread, or something to turn to dust created by the Earth for centuries and Goals (production and consumption of gas, oil). Only in agriculture in the process of photosynthesis by gratuitous solar energy is not a process of transformation, but the emergence of a new substance, which gives the basis of all things on earth. Food security for the public suveriniteta mean much more than military hardware. How did that this basic industry in Russia was in a situation of terrible in its consequences to ruin? This ruin is not so obvious only in the vicinity of cities. The process put in 1990, when exactly in the off-season cash working capital component of the village, designed for the upcoming planting season, was practically zeroed after intentionally organized an unprecedented jump in prices. Filling them went exclusively through credit resource whose price has reached 210% per annum. After a sudden increase in lending rates, it can be proved mathematically rigorous, the first assembly of the national economy falls industry with a long period of capital turnover, which belongs to agricultural production. Since agriculture was exactly what the inevitable and should have happened, because the interest on the loan by almost two orders of magnitude higher turnover rate of return of capital in the production of an annual cycle. Since that time comes, "doedanie" fixed assets, depreciation of which exceeded all conceivable limits. In order to reveal the substance of the anti-peasant deliberate provocation should appoint the Chairman of the Central Bank and the Minister of Finance Directors of virtual farming industries working in the financial atmosphere they created. Write them ideal weather and other conditions, and let them explain to the leaders of the village, as, even when fully under ideal conditions, it should make both ends meet, or at least survive purely physiological. At the same time actively going process of disorganization and disintegration of agriculture. Single directive driven, technologically complex tallies were divided into many separate legal entities, interdependent, but not coordinated with each other in the horizontal branch of government. Profit of one of them is always a loss for another. At the same time the country's leadership to hope that all the abstract market will adjust and regulate. However, it is known that the unregulated market will inevitably set to maximum profitability and prosperity to lenders, manufacturers of alcohol, tobacco, etc. In an unregulated market efficiency is always reduced from the counter to the ground. For example, the feed mill can always secure a higher return in relation to poultry, as can feed and lie down, but the chickens need food every day and buying it has to poultry at any price. All these schemes ruin domestic Russian villages are compounded by geopolitical events, characteristic of the "global village".

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Clusters: characterization and model

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Information technology in the investment activities of enterprises

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Experience creating cluster structures

In the developed countries use a cluster approach to economic management already has some history. At the moment, fully clustered Finnish and Scandinavian industry, more than half of U.S. companies are working on a production model - companies are in the same cluster region, and make maximum use of its natural, human and integration potential. Key industrial clusters in Germany (chemistry, mechanical engineering) and France (the production of food products, cosmetics), formed in 1950 - 60 years. As a result, the interaction of whole groups of industries within clusters contributed to the growth of employment, investments and accelerate the dissemination of advanced technologies in the national economy. Ranshedrugih development of regional economies, using the cluster approach began to engage the United States. States such as Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, and Washington took a number of appropriate programs for regional development and have become leaders in creating clusters. The states created the commission to initiate the creation of clusters based on the analytical findings and recommendations carried out by research centers and universities. Commission determine the participants for future clusters, helping them to overcome emerging organizational and financial difficulties, as well as contribute to the strengthening and development of already existing clusters. For this purpose, usually initial capital allocated state government, and then raise capital by private companies. The scheme of the process of creating a cluster in the United States can be pictured as in Figure 1. Since there is no single model to determine the necessary and appropriate to the structure of the emerging cluster in the United States are extensive and deep study of cluster complexes. Figures in bold italics party, which initiated the creation of the cluster. Hundreds of towns and territories have developed their cluster strategies. A characteristic feature of the U.S. clusters is that their activity is based on the principles of partnership and focused on the commercialization of R & D and innovation to achieve global competitiveness. A striking example of fast-growing cluster, which has global competitiveness, is the "Silicon Valley", which employs 2.5 million people and invest in ventures in 1991 increased almost 35-fold, reaching $ 69 billion in 2001 and tendency to the appearance of crease investment in this cluster continues [1]. Institute for Regional Studies of the U.S. considered the problem of the national economy through the prism of existing cluster associations with defined intensity relationship between the sectors, activities and groups of clusters. Production has been allocated 23 cluster groups, united in 4 blocks, which were presented from 5 to 116 activities. These blocks are combined clusters from 82 to 102 thousand enterprises with the total number of employees from 38 thousand to 4.5 million, which will ensure value addition to the amount of 5 billion

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Methods to account for the effect of changes in the size of the quality of products selling prices

Quality - a key concept for the emerging middle class. For quality ready to pay 92% of respondents. And only 5% of this class said that they prefer to buy some cheap things instead of one expensive [7]. On consumer preferences in developed market economies in product quality is paramount. In the Russian Federation at the present time there was a sharp differentiation. There are industries in which competition is so great that prices go by the wayside, and the first out the various aspects of quality and service similar to the most developed foreign countries [5]. These fields include the field of cellular communications, sales of beer, computers. But there are many other industries where quality does not become another defining property and the main competition at the prices. This is typical of most food products, building materials, furniture, household and other goods. In general, the price of a commodity depends on its quality and consumer properties. World practice confirms that the following facts [3]:

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Improving the structure and composition of staff in a crisis

The crisis - an extreme aggravation of the contradictions in the socio-economic system (organizations), threatening its viability in the environment. The crisis can be understood as a step in the development of socio-economic system that is required to eliminate stress and imbalance in it. Part of any anti-crisis program is to improve personnel structure to ensure that it meets the current and strategic needs of the organization, as well as improvement of the staff: the number of optimization, the attainment of high skills. Activities to improve the composition and structure of the staff are the most important content of modern management systems and work carried out continuously. To do this, the company is staffing forecasting and planning, is the recruitment, movement and release of personnel, a system of rotation, the programs are implemented staff development, etc. An enterprise in crisis generally do not have enough time for a gradual, evolutionary improvement of the characteristics of staff. He needs to quickly achieve a qualitatively different state of the personnel structure, in most cases, against the background of the need for dramatic reductions in staff. Measures to improve the composition and structure personally need to plan in detail. The first stage of the planning should be an analysis of available human resources [1]. An important element in assessing human resources is to check the level of competence of senior staff. Are evaluated not only by their professional knowledge and practical experience of working in extreme situations, organizational skills, teamwork skills, and innovative experience. One of the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of leaders is the units under their supervision. The next stage of planning should be the analysis and design of jobs carried out by taking into account existing plans for the company. Such an analysis will allow: - rationally reallocate functions as an enterprise-wide, as well as within the units - identify the needs of workforce that is sufficient to perform after the reorganization of the plans - to identify and eliminate wasteful departments to identify ways to optimize the organizational structure; - eliminate duplication of effort - to determine the mode of operation, suitable for a given unit for the job - to specify the professional qualification requirements for employees in specific jobs - jobs in the reconstruction of the enterprise in terms of organizational development and optimization of a set of functions specific to the workplace, organizational and technical equipment and, consequently, increase the effectiveness of the employee, while reducing the degree of fatigue. Next, the classification of jobs and their typology with respect to all operations performed. When planning to release staff to calculate their economic and social consequences, the degree of responsibility of long-term development strategy of the organization.

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Economic instruments for the mobilization and redistribution of financial resources

The mechanism of the capital market provides a financial market development, representing a phenomenon of communication and interdependence in relation to other elements of the financial market. The main purpose of the capital market is the redistribution of financial resources in the economic system, representing a channel of financing the economy, complementing the company's own funds and budget allocations. Scope of the formation of supply and demand for capital accumulation and redistribution provides funds, the movement of fixed capital, maximize profits, maintaining the proportions in the economy. Through the capital market money savings involved in business, government and private entities that exceed their current needs, and as loan funds are directed to the development of manufacturing and other sectors of the economy. An effective financial and credit system of the capital market is one of the most important conditions for its economic development. Finance as a form of relationship capital markets involved in the circulation of capital in the reproduction process and are formed by investment demand and supply, where the demand side investment capital, and on the supply side, investment goods. Capital market mediates the exchange of investments and investment goods, ie, involves the transformation of investment in capital goods. It is characterized by the fact that it is collected and concentrated amount of savings that are then routed to the branch where they are immobilized for long periods. Businesses are in need of long-term capital as at the time of its inception, and during follow-up, the need to maintain, update and expand. Capital market reflects the processes of creating and implementing a variety of investment capital. In general, this market is the area of ​​capital movements in the industrial and financial forms. Unlike other elements of the financial market capital market is diverse, covering an infinite number of heterogeneous markets. In the structure of capital markets, above all, you can select items such as insurance companies, banks, investment companies, mutual funds and government agencies. The role of capital markets in the economy is manifested in three ways: the provision of loan capital to the state, enterprises and households. The capital market is a redistribution of finances in the production and financial forms. Production involves a form of investment property in real assets related to production and material benefits, ie Manufacturing investment organizations and the public to capital gains. Capital in the form of a factor of production in any particular material or real cash shell. Material and material embodiment of capital are not able to reproduce, they can just get old - mentally and physically - and to break down. Buildings, equipment, communications do not create new buildings, equipment, etc.

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Structured products: the concept and device

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Features of the organization's anti-crisis policy of the company personnel

Staff policy developed by the personnel service (also HR, from the English. Human Resources - Human Resources) of the enterprise, which includes a set of specialized units in the structure of the company (engaged in them with officials - managers, professionals, technical staff) designed to manage the plant personnel in the selected personnel policies [2]. The objectives of HR-services company, caught in a crisis, will be: diagnosis of human resources company, participation in the development strategy of business reorganization, as well as the removal of its crisis, develop targeted HR programs, activities aimed at improving productivity, optimizing the number of personnel in accordance with established terms and conditions of crisis, the resolution of labor conflicts. A sound personnel policy allows you to direct personnel actions for the implementation of corporate strategy. It is doubly effective when all employees know and understand inherent in these basic principles and norms. The anti-recessionary HR-strategy will help take the business out of the deadlock in the event that it relates to the general economic situation in the country and the potential of the company. The specific content of the strategy depends on the size of the organization, activity, and timeliness of the plan. The anti-recessionary HR-strategy includes the following areas [21]: an analysis of the labor potential, a detailed analysis of staffing requirements, planning, population, traffic control personnel and staff turnover, performance monitoring, optimization of business processes, implementation of professional and creative capabilities of employees; performance evaluation ; development and implementation of rational systems of remuneration and incentive system. The planning period should be reviewed and agreed with the new goals and objectives of all areas of HR: recruiting, hiring and adaptation assessment methodology and assessment, training and development of tangible and intangible incentives (adapting to new conditions) and maximum use (or create if they still were not) external communication channels, etc. One of the main problems has fallen into a crisis situation of the company - lower costs, including staff. But we must not forget that to save the business in these difficult times people are just. If employees will not think about the performance of official duties, but about finding a new job, there will be a catastrophic decline in motivation. In this case, the cause of death of the company will not economic hardship, and inefficient management policies. During this period, it is particularly important to strengthen mutual understanding and interaction between different structural and functional departments. A typical blunder is insufficient information to people. Employees must know what is the essence of the anti-crisis program, why change the system of remuneration which measures will be taken in the near future and what is required of every person in the workplace. Timely information not only increases the confidence of staff to action management, but also facilitates the unpopular decisions. The leaders of the organization must inform employees about how the crisis affects the company, what are the risks and how employees can help - and your organization and yourself.

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Evaluating the effectiveness of financial resources as a factor in crisis prevention at the enterprise

To date, according to official statistics, about half of the domestic companies are, or are close to bankruptcy, are unprofitable or low-yielding. This was a serious obstacle to the recovery of industrial production in Russia. In this connection it is necessary to develop approaches and ways to prevent the crisis on the venture. One way to prevent the crisis in the organization is to optimize the use of financial resources. It's no secret that for the beginning of its activities and further the success of the market any business entity requires various types of resources: labor, material, financial, etc. Consequently, the success of the enterprise is largely determined by the effective use of these resources, and, in particular, financial. With the recent end of the global financial crisis, the problem of efficient use of financial resources is very important. The importance of financial resources from the fact that their constant deficiency leads to disruption of normal functioning of enterprises, organizations, industries, and the whole national economy. In this regard, the most important task of enterprises is the most efficient use of financial resources to enhance the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole. The most common for domestic enterprises is a liquidity crisis, which due to increasing losses of the company in danger of losing pay, or solvency is not available. It is important that the crisis was seen at an early stage, characterized by certain inefficiencies in the production, distribution (increase in inventories, a slowdown of sales, product quality problems, the imbalance in the ratio of debt to equity and t . etc.). Therefore, each organization should monitor the crisis, including by means of assessment of financial resources, which is based on techniques of financial analysis. Evaluating the effectiveness of financial resources includes many components. Used to assess the whole system of indicators of the changes: 1. efficiency and intensity of use; 2. the capital structure of the organization on its location and source of education, 2. solvency, liquidity and solvency of the organization; 4. stock of its financial stability. Evaluating the effectiveness of financial resources may be based on the analysis of the coefficients of capital structure, cost-of-debt and equity funding, indicators of financial condition, profitability, estimates of the coefficients of capital (assets) of an enterprise, etc. Greatest importance are indicators of profitability, which include: return on sales, return on equity, return on operating assets, return on fixed assets, return on investment. Profitability more fully than profit, reflect the results of the company and are used as instruments of investment, pricing policies.

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The essence and the types of active banking operations

All banking transactions are transactions by which banks are placed at their disposal the resources to obtain needed revenue and to ensure its liquidity. According to the classification of active operations, as well as on the structure of assets developed different points of view. According to Bukaty VI, Lvov Yu principal active transactions are credit transactions, which is formed as a result of the loan portfolio, investment operations, which create the basis for the formation of an investment portfolio, cash and settlement operations, which are one of the essential services provided by the bank to its customers; other active operations associated with the creation of infrastructure for the successful execution of all banking transactions. Lavrushin believes that the most common active operations of banks are lending operations, as a rule, bring banks the bulk of their income. At the macroeconomic level the value of these operations is that, through them, banks turn to temporarily idle cash funds in the current, stimulating the processes of production, circulation and consumption, investment operations, in the process of committing the bank acts as an investor, investing resources in securities or acquiring law on joint economic activities, deposit operations, the appointment of the active deposit of banks' operations is to provide current and long-term reserves, the payment of funds in accounts at the Central Bank (correspondent account and reserve account), and other commercial banks, other active operations, varied in form, bring banks significant overseas income. Among the other active transactions include transactions with foreign currency and precious metals, trust, agency, trade, etc. These writers like Poliakov VP, LA Moskovkina divided active operations in investment banking, loans , taking into account (buy) commercial paper and securities transactions. PG Antonov, M. Pessel allocates the same operations as Bukaty VI and I. Lvov, ie: cash, credit, investment and other transactions. Credit transactions. Bank loan - it's economic relations, in which banks provide borrowers with funds from the condition of their return. These relationships suggest movement costs (loan capital) from the bank (lender) to the borrower (debtor) and back. Borrowers are enterprises of all forms of ownership (joint-stock companies and firms, state enterprises, private enterprises, etc.), as well as population. Returns received by the borrower the cost (debt repayment to the bank) in one entity and the economy should be the result of reproduction in the growing scale. This determines the economic role of credit and is one of the most important conditions for obtaining bank profits from lending. Debts on credits granted to the population, may be repaid by reducing the accumulation and even reduction in consumption compared with the previous period. At the same time, lending to the population growth of consumption provides, stimulates demand for goods (especially expensive durables) and depends on income levels that determine the possibility of banks profit from these transactions.

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