Experience creating cluster structures

In the developed countries use a cluster approach to economic management already has some history. At the moment, fully clustered Finnish and Scandinavian industry, more than half of U.S. companies are working on a production model - companies are in the same cluster region, and make maximum use of its natural, human and integration potential. Key industrial clusters in Germany (chemistry, mechanical engineering) and France (the production of food products, cosmetics), formed in 1950 - 60 years. As a result, the interaction of whole groups of industries within clusters contributed to the growth of employment, investments and accelerate the dissemination of advanced technologies in the national economy. Ranshedrugih development of regional economies, using the cluster approach began to engage the United States. States such as Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, and Washington took a number of appropriate programs for regional development and have become leaders in creating clusters. The states created the commission to initiate the creation of clusters based on the analytical findings and recommendations carried out by research centers and universities. Commission determine the participants for future clusters, helping them to overcome emerging organizational and financial difficulties, as well as contribute to the strengthening and development of already existing clusters. For this purpose, usually initial capital allocated state government, and then raise capital by private companies. The scheme of the process of creating a cluster in the United States can be pictured as in Figure 1. Since there is no single model to determine the necessary and appropriate to the structure of the emerging cluster in the United States are extensive and deep study of cluster complexes. Figures in bold italics party, which initiated the creation of the cluster. Hundreds of towns and territories have developed their cluster strategies. A characteristic feature of the U.S. clusters is that their activity is based on the principles of partnership and focused on the commercialization of R & D and innovation to achieve global competitiveness. A striking example of fast-growing cluster, which has global competitiveness, is the "Silicon Valley", which employs 2.5 million people and invest in ventures in 1991 increased almost 35-fold, reaching $ 69 billion in 2001 and tendency to the appearance of crease investment in this cluster continues [1]. Institute for Regional Studies of the U.S. considered the problem of the national economy through the prism of existing cluster associations with defined intensity relationship between the sectors, activities and groups of clusters. Production has been allocated 23 cluster groups, united in 4 blocks, which were presented from 5 to 116 activities. These blocks are combined clusters from 82 to 102 thousand enterprises with the total number of employees from 38 thousand to 4.5 million, which will ensure value addition to the amount of 5 billion 4 billion a little different approach to the creation of clusters in Japan [1]. Unlike the U.S., where the results of survey work is decided on the establishment and funding of the clusters in Japan, this work is carried out in two stages. To consolidate the scientific potential and its introduction in the production of industrial parks are created. Following the adoption in 1983 of the concept of technopolis in Japan was established more than 100 technology parks, research complexes to provide education, which contributed to the rapid development of business and scientific-technical relations. With the development of industrial parks become centers of interaction between education and science and industry with the active support of the state at various levels of government and being the basis of a future cluster (see Figure 2). In 1998, organized by the regional centers consolidate the efforts of industry, universities and government aimed at finding the most attractive projects of high social and economic significance for the development of regions or specific areas. These centers are also concerned with the coordination and development of collaborative research for the production of competitive products and provided technical advice, were engaged in training and development of entrepreneurs and professionals. In addition, much attention was paid to business meetings of all stakeholders to create a variety of associations and clusters, both addressed the issues of technology transfer subject to patent, license and copyright. A typical large Japanese cluster consists of a relatively large parent company, which enjoys the services of two or three levels of subcontracting firms, usually located in proximity to it. Instead of vertical integration, self-tier subcontractors associated with the parent company long-term contracts. Likewise, links have been established supplier of the first and subsequent levels. For example, the Automotive Cluster company "Toyota" is a multi-stage network of 122 direct suppliers and subcontractors of almost 36 000 small and medium-sized enterprises [1]. Subcontractors of all links form a kind of club with a high market barriers for newcomers and foreign competitors. This is largely exclude potential competition inherent in a free market, but the pure price considerations in the procurement of components contribute to the optimization of production. The Japanese approach to the creation of industrial parks as the basis for the subsequent formation of the cluster is widely used in India [2]. Indicative of this country experience in the field of information technology. In 1998, India established the National Commission for the Study of prospects for the development of information technology and programming. Then the organization was established "Technology Parks of India software" that facilitates the creation of national parks for the development of export capabilities. In these industrial parks, industrial areas and research centers all companies focus only on the production of export goods. Created industrial parks cooperate with the Government and local authorities to ensure that everything necessary for the success of new innovative enterprises. Thus evolved a number of approaches to simplify and streamline procedures in the design of copyright in the transfer of new developments in production or foreign partners. This ensures the exchange of information in a complex infrastructure of research, innovation and industrial companies. For 10 years, there are 15 science and technology centers, providing the same person all the services needed for the smooth and rapid organization of the export of software and information technology. Another approach in the formation of clusters may be the experience of Austria. The main difference between the Austrian approach is that a key role in the initiation of a cluster is public policy. It is designed to stimulate the development of links between research institutes and industry by simplifying the administrative regulation in innovative programs. This program is performed by the Austrian Institute for Economic Research in cooperation with the National Research Centre, was aimed at collecting and processing the necessary information and then begin making recommendations for the creation of clusters, based on technological innovations and their impact on innovation. The program included the following modules: * The national system to stimulate innovation, productivity growth * * an increase in employment, regulation of technology policy * * counseling. This work on the consolidation of small and medium enterprises is under the auspices of the Austrian Business Agency and the State consulting company with offices across the country. With the assistance of these organizations create business infrastructure, develop industrial networks and clusters are formed. The Austrian approach to the formation of clusters is schematically depicted in Figure 3. Similarly, Austria's initiative to create a cluster with the government (municipal, etc.) is based in Turkey [2]. For clusters formed in Istanbul, from-the-world and Bursa, to create a production-trade zones state or regional authority on preferential terms to provide land, participated in the creation of a developed industrial infrastructure and to require the parties to the cluster lucrative long-term loans of up to $ 15 million. This provided a strong impetus to the development of business here that neither year were put into operation on a well-equipped textile factory. Some of them, starting with a semi-handicraft production a few years grew into large textile holdings. One of these giants, in particular, produces and sells on the world market each year up to 3 million linear meters quality fabrics of a width up to 3.3 meters. Russia already has positive experience of the clusters, for example, the cluster organization of high-tech industries in the town of Pine (Leningrad region).. Scientific-Industrial Complex of the city is represented by 29 companies and organizations: a) the Leningrad nuclear power plant them. VI Lenin, and b) 8 public research organizations, including the Research Technological Institute. AP Aleksandrov (THREADS), Federal Research and Production Center Research Institute for Complex Testing of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems (FSPC NIIKI OEP), c) 16 small enterprises scientific and technical sphere and the Leningrad specialized plant "Radon" and other organizations [2] . The experience of the Moscow Cluster Group pic, that includes 24 of the subject business, industrial, construction, financial, investment realtor sector, as well as advertising and operating companies. Consideration of a group of companies and organizations such as the cluster identifies opportunities for coordination and mutual improvement in areas of common interests without the threat of competition or limiting the intensity of the rivalry.